Quercus texana Buckley
EOL Text
Comments: Low or wet woods.
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Nuttall oak is an important species in green-tree reservoirs, where ducks feed on the acorns (10). Acorns contain 13 percent crude fat and 46 percent carbohydrates (4). In Louisiana, it is considered one of the best mast-producing species. Acorn crops rarely fail (11).
During periods of winter flooding, squirrels find a ready supply of acorns, since many acorns remain on the tree into January. Acorns are favored by deer and also eaten by turkeys.
The climate throughout the range of Nuttall oak is humid. Rainfall is between 1270 to 1650 mm (50 to 65 in) per year; 630 to 760 mm (25 to 30 in) fall during the effective growing season, April through August. At the northern limits of the range, 2.5 to 12.5 cm (1 to 5 in) of the total precipitation falls as snow. Maximum summer temperature averages 27° C (80° F) while the winter average varies from 7° to 13° C (45° to 55° F). The extreme high and low temperatures are 43° to -26° C (110° to -15° F) (23).
Quercus texana, commonly known as Nuttall's oak,[1][2][3][4] is a fast-growing, large deciduous oak tree native to North America from the lower Mississippi River Valley from SE Missouri to Southern Louisiana and SE Texas and east through Mississippi to Central Alabama and extreme west Tennessee. It has sharp pointed leaves somewhat similar to the Georgia oak (Quercus georgiana) and pin oak (Quercus palustris). It is fast-growing and usually has nice red fall colors, much more reliably so than the more popular pin oak. It is still relatively obscure in the horticultural industry but is slowly gaining popularity due to its fast growth rate, ease of transplanting, good fall colors and ability to grow in wet soils. Its previous scientific name was Quercus nuttallii, but it is now known as Quercus texana; this has created much confusion with Texas red oak which was known as Quercus texana but is now known as Quercus buckleyi.[5]
References[edit]
- ^ "Oaks list for The State Botanical Garden of Kentucky" (English). Retrieved 2010-05-09.
- ^ "J.C. Raulston slide 102-0276" (English). Retrieved 2010-05-09.
- ^ "Missouri Department of Conservation Species Scientific Name Index" (English). Retrieved 2010-05-09. [dead link]
- ^ "University of Illinois Extension; Critical Issues Forum, What is the Current Status of Oaks in Illinois?" (English). Retrieved 2010-05-09.
- ^ Laurence J. Dorr and Kevin C. Nixon. 1985. Typification of the Oak (Quercus) Taxa Described by S. B. Buckley (1809-1884). Taxon 34(2): 211-228.
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Flood plains and bottomlands; 0-200m.
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For many years the name Quercus texana was erroneously used for Q . buckleyi (L. J. Dorr and K. C. Nixon 1985). A few authors have also used the name for Q . gravesii .
Quercus nuttallii E. J. Palmer var. cachensis E. J. Palmer was described as a small-fruited form (nuts 16-18 × 12-16 mm) from specimens collected in east-central Arkansas (E. J. Palmer 1937). Noting the similarity between Q . nuttallii var. cachensis and Q . palustris , Palmer discounted the possibility of the former being of hybrid origin because (1) he had not observed Q . palustris in the type locality, and (2) the leaves and buds of the former were essentially the same as in Q . nuttallii var. nuttallii .
C. H. Muller (1942), on the other hand, argued that Quercus nuttallii was nothing more than a form [forma nuttallii (E. J. Palmer) C. H. Muller] of Q . palustris . This is a puzzling conclusion because it was based largely on the premise that Q . nuttallii occurred "...with the parent species throughout a large part of the latter's southern range (Mississippi to eastern Texas and southeastern Missouri)." The range of Q . palustris does not extend into Mississippi or eastern Texas, although its range does overlap that of Q . texana in eastern Arkansas and southeastern Missouri. E. J. Palmer (1948) and D. M. Hunt (1989) have suggested hybridization with Q . shumardii and Q . nigra , respectively. See L. J. Dorr and K. C. Nixon (1985) for an explanation of the nomenclatural confusion regarding this taxon.
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Nuttall oak is a chief component of the forest cover type Sweetgum-Willow Oak (Society of American Foresters Type 92) (8). Water oak replaces willow oak (Q. phellos) in the southernmost part of the type's range. The species is found in five other types: Sugarberry-American Elm-Green Ash (Type 93), Sycamore-Sweetgum-American Elm (Type 94), Overcup Oak-Water Hickory (Type 96), Baldcypress (Type 101), and Baldcypress-Tupelo (Type 102).
Other trees associated with Nuttall oak are cedar elm (Ulmus crassifolia), laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia), bur oak (Q. macrocarpa), red and silver maple (Acer rubrum and A. saccharinum), black willow (Salix nigra), honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos), and persimmon (Diospyros virginiana).
Noncommercial tree and shrub associates are roughleaf dogwood (Cornus drummondii), hawthorn (Crataegus spp.), swamp-privet (Forestiera acuminata), buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), and water-elm (Planera aquatica) (24).
Acorn weevils (Curculio spp.) can reduce acorn germination by causing damage to developing acorns. The carpenterworm (Prionoxystus robinise) causes heavy damage to Nuttall oak. Other borers that cause timber defects are the red oak borer (Enaphalodes rufulus), the white oak borer (Goes tigrinus), others of the genus Goes, the oak sapling borer (G. tesselatus), and the hardwood stump borer (Stenodontes dasytomus). The clearwing borer (Paranthrene simulans) creates an entry point for rot and stain fungi, causing additional defects. Estimated loss from borer defects in oak lumber is approximately $40 million per year (25). Other borers infect twigs, branches and roots, reducing growth and vigor, but do no damage to the merchantable parts of the tree.
A serious insect-caused defect in Nuttall oak lumber is bark pocket caused by the sap-feeding beetles (nitidulids) in combination with the carpenterworm and several other borers (22). Periodic outbreaks of defoliating insects such as basswood leafminer (Baliosus nervosus) and pink striped oakworm (Anisota virginiensis) retard growth rates of oaks over large geographical areas (26).
Nuttall oak is subject to attack by three important canker rot fungi. All enter the trunk through dead branch stubs by germination of airborne spores. The cambium is killed, rough cankers are induced around the entry point, and the heartwood is decayed. The resulting cankers are called hispidus, spiculosa, or Irpex, depending on the causal fungi-Polyporus hispidus, Poria spiculosa, and Spongipellis pachyodon respectively (21). Nuttall oak growing north of 35° latitude may be killed by oak wilt (Ceratocystis fagacearum). Daily temperatures above 30° C (86° F) reduce development of the disease (20).
Anthracnose (Gnomonia quercina) and Actinopelte leaf spot (Actinopelte dryina) cause defoliation in some years (26).
Nuttall oak is classed as intolerant of shade; seedlings survive and grow rapidly only in openings. The tree is almost always dominant or codominant (13,14,16).
No information available.