02465nas a2200169 4500008004100000245012100041210006900162300001200231520179600243653011802039100001802157700001902175700001802194700002002212700001902232856004402251 2015 eng d00aMultiple glacial refugia for cool-temperate deciduous trees in northern East Asia: the Mongolian Oak as a case study0 aMultiple glacial refugia for cooltemperate deciduous trees in no an/a-n/a3 a

In East Asia, temperate forests are predicted to have retracted southward to c. 30º N during the last glacial maximum (LGM) based on fossil pollen data, whereas phylogeographic studies have often suggested glacial in situ survival of cool-temperate deciduous trees in their modern northern ranges. Here we report a study of the genetic diversity and structure of 29 natural Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica) populations using 19 nuclear simple sequence repeat (nSSR) loci and four chloroplast DNA fragments. Bayesian clustering analysis with nSSRs revealed five groups, which were inferred by approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) to have diverged in multiple refugia through multiple glacial-interglacial cycles. Analysis of chloroplast DNA variation revealed four lineages that were largely but incompletely geographically disjunct. Ecological Niche Modelling (ENM) indicated a southward range shift of the oak's distribution at the LGM, although high suitability scores were also evident in the Changbai Mts. (Northeast China), the Korean Peninsula, areas surrounding the Bohai Sea, and along the coast of the Russian Far East. In addition, endemic chloroplast DNA haplotypes and nuclear lineages occurred in high-latitude northern areas where the ENM predicted no suitable habitat. The combined evidence from nuclear and chloroplast DNA, and the results of the ENM clearly demonstrate that multiple northern refugia, including cryptic ones, were maintained across the current distributional range of the Mongolian oak during the LGM or earlier glacial periods. Though spatially limited, postglacial expansions from these refugia have led to a pattern of decreased genetic diversity with increasing latitude. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

10aEast Asia ecological niche modelling molecular variation northern refugia Quaternary glaciations temperate forest1 aZeng, Yan-Fei1 aWang, Wen-Ting1 aLiao, Wan-Jin1 aWang, Hong-Fang1 aZhang, Da-Yong uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/17801839nas a2200169 4500008004100000245011000041210006900151300001200220520123300232653005901465100002001524700001901544700002101563700001801584700002301602856004401625 2015 eng d00aLeaf phenology mediates provenance differences in herbivore populations on valley oaks in a common garden0 aLeaf phenology mediates provenance differences in herbivore popu an/a-n/a3 a

1. Plants from different populations often display a variation in herbivore resistance. However, it is rarely understood what plant traits mediate such differences. 2. It was tested how leaf phenology affects herbivore populations in a 15-year-old common garden of valley oaks (Quercus lobata Née) with different populations and maternal parents from throughout the Q. lobata range. 3. The abundance of leaf miners (Stigmella sp. Shrank) and leaf phenology of oaks in the common garden was measured. 4. Leaf miner abundance varied among provenance locations (population), but not among maternal parents within populations. Leaf phenology varied by provenance location and maternal parent, and trees that leafed out earlier accrued higher leaf-miner abundance. Path analysis indicated that leaf phenology was the likely driver of provenance and parental differences in resistance to leaf miners. 5. Understanding population differences is particularly important when considering transport of genotypes for ornamental or restoration purposes. The present study suggests that similarity in leaf phenology may be one factor that could be used to find genotypes with a similar herbivore resistance to local genotypes.

10aFolivory leaf mine local adaptation provenance Quercus1 aPearse, Ian, S.1 aBaty, Jill, H.1 aHerrmann, Dustin1 aSage, Richard1 aKoenig, Walter, D. uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/17701914nas a2200193 4500008004100000245009600041210006900137300001200206490000700218520130500225100001201530700002401542700002101566700002201587700003101609700001801640700001801658856004401676 2015 eng d00aResilience of plant-insect interactions in an oak lineage through Quaternary climate change0 aResilience of plantinsect interactions in an oak lineage through a174-1860 v413 a

Plant-insect interactions are vital for structuring terrestrial ecosystems. It is still unclear how climate change in geological time might have shaped plant-insect interactions leading to modern ecosystems. We investigated the effect of Quaternary climate change on plant-insect interactions by observing insect herbivory on leaves of an evergreen sclerophyllous oak lineage (Quercus section Heterobalanus, HET) from a late Pliocene flora and eight living forests in southwestern China. Among the modern HET populations investigated, the damage diversity tends to be higher in warmer and wetter climates. Even though the climate of the fossil flora was warmer and wetter than modern sample sites, the damage diversity is lower in the fossil flora than in modern HET populations. Eleven out of 18 damage types in modern HET populations are observed in the fossil flora. All damage types in the fossil flora, except for one distinctive gall type, are found in modern HET populations. These results indicate that Quaternary climate change did not cause extensive extinction of insect herbivores in HET forests. The accumulation of a more diverse herbivore fauna over time supports the view of plant species as evolutionary “islands” for colonization and turnover of insect species.

1 aSu, Tao1 aAdams, Jonathan, M.1 aWappler, Torsten1 aHuang, Yong-Jiang1 aJacques, Frédéric, M. B.1 aLiu, Yu-Sheng1 aZhou, Zhe-Kun uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/17601963nas a2200157 4500008004100000245013600041210006900177300001200246490000600258520143500264100001301699700001601712700001501728700001801743856004401761 2015 eng d00aVariation in morphological traits in a recent hybrid zone between closely related Quercus liaotungensis and Q. mongolica (Fagaceae)0 aVariation in morphological traits in a recent hybrid zone betwee a224-2290 v83 a

Aims Hybridization usually leads to gene introgression between related species in hybrid zones, associated with complex patterns of morphological variation. Nevertheless, previous studies have tended to ignore the effects of geographic variation in hybridization rates on species taxonomy. This study aims to investigate the variation of morphological traits between two sympatric and taxonomically confused oak species, Quercus liaotungensis and Q. mongolica, and reveal the effects of hybridization rates on morphological traits and the taxonomic boundary.Methods We used seven microsatellite loci to evaluate species status and measured 15 morphological traits in 26 trees in the recent hybrid zone between Q. liaotungensis and Q. mongolica, and we characterized the differences between the two oak species and their hybrids for the investigated traits.Important Findings Molecular analyses indicated that 74% of 78 sampled maternal trees were hybrids between Q. liaotungensis and Q. mongolica although the observed morphological variation suggested that they had remained distinct species. Across all of the differentiated leaf and reproductive traits, the hybrids expressed patterns similar to Q. liaotungensis, which may suggest dominant expression of parental characters. These results are consistent with our expectation that hybrids will be difficult to distinguish from parental species in a recent hybrid zone.

1 aWei, Lai1 aLi, Yue-Fei1 aZhang, Han1 aLiao, Wan-Jin uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/17502578nas a2200265 4500008004100000245013000041210006900171300001200240520178700252100002002039700001602059700001802075700001602093700001302109700001402122700001402136700001802150700001702168700001502185700001402200700002302214700001602237700001502253856004402268 2015 eng d00aSingle-nucleotide polymorphism discovery and validation in high density SNP array for genetic analysis in European white oaks0 aSinglenucleotide polymorphism discovery and validation in high d an/a-n/a3 a

An Illumina Infinium SNP genotyping array was constructed for European white oaks. Six individuals of Quercus petraea and Q. robur were considered for SNP discovery using both previously obtained Sanger sequences across 676 gene regions (1371 in vitro SNPs) and Roche 454 technology sequences from 5,112 contigs (6,542 putative in silico SNPs). The 7,913 SNPs were genotyped across the six parental individuals, full-sib progenies (one within each species and two interspecific crosses between Q. petraea and Q. robur), and three natural populations from south-western France that included two additional interfertile white oak species (Q. pubescens and Q. pyrenaica). The genotyping success rate in mapping populations was 80.4% overall and 72.4% for polymorphic SNPs. In natural populations, these figures were lower (54.8% and 51.9%, respectively). Illumina genotype clusters with compression (shift of clusters on the normalised X-axis) were detected in  25% of the successfully genotyped SNPs, and may be due to the presence of paralogues. Compressed clusters were significantly more frequent for SNPs showing a priori incorrect Illumina genotypes, suggesting that they should be considered with caution or discarded. Altogether, these results show a high experimental error rate for the Infinium array (between 15% to 20% of SNPs potentially unreliable, and 10% when excluding all compressed clusters), and recommendations are proposed when applying this type of high-throughput technique. Finally, results on diversity levels and shared polymorphisms across targeted white oaks and more distant species of the Quercus genus are discussed, and perspectives for future comparative studies are proposed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

1 aLepoittevin, C.1 aBodenes, C.1 aChancerel, E.1 aVillate, L.1 aLang, T.1 aLesur, I.1 aBoury, C.1 aEhrenmann, F.1 aZelenica, D.1 aBoland, A.1 aBesse, C.1 aGarnier-GÉRÉ, P.1 aPlomion, C.1 aKremer, A. uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/17402720nas a2200193 4500008004100000245014300041210006900184300001200253490000800265520207300273100001602346700001702362700002002379700003102399700001202430700002202442700001802464856004402482 2015 eng d00aA new positive relationship between pCO2 and stomatal frequency in Quercus guyavifolia (Fagaceae): a potential proxy for palaeo-CO2 levels0 anew positive relationship between pCO2 and stomatal frequency in a777-7880 v1153 a

Background and Aims The inverse relationship between atmospheric CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) and stomatal frequency in many species of plants has been widely used to estimate palaeoatmospheric CO2 (palaeo-CO2) levels; however, the results obtained have been quite variable. This study attempts to find a potential new proxy for palaeo-CO2 levels by analysing stomatal frequency in Quercus guyavifolia (Q. guajavifolia, Fagaceae), an extant dominant species of sclerophyllous forests in the Himalayas with abundant fossil relatives.Methods Stomatal frequency was analysed for extant samples of Q. guyavifolia collected from17 field sites at altitudes ranging between 2493 and 4497 m. Herbarium specimens collected between 1926 and 2011 were also examined. Correlations of pCO2–stomatal frequency were determined using samples from both sources, and these were then applied to Q. preguyavaefolia fossils in order to estimate palaeo-CO2 concentrations for two late-Pliocene floras in south-western China.Key Results In contrast to the negative correlations detected for most other species that have been studied, a positive correlation between pCO2 and stomatal frequency was determined in Q. guyavifolia sampled from both extant field collections and historical herbarium specimens. Palaeo-CO2 concentrations were estimated to be approx. 180–240 ppm in the late Pliocene, which is consistent with most other previous estimates.Conclusions A new positive relationship between pCO2 and stomatal frequency in Q. guyavifolia is presented, which can be applied to the fossils closely related to this species that are widely distributed in the late-Cenozoic strata in order to estimate palaeo-CO2 concentrations. The results show that it is valid to use a positive relationship to estimate palaeo-CO2 concentrations, and the study adds to the variety of stomatal density/index relationships that available for estimating pCO2. The physiological mechanisms underlying this positive response are unclear, however, and require further research.

1 aHu, Jin-Jin1 aXing, Yao-Wu1 aTurkington, Roy1 aJacques, Frédéric, M. B.1 aSu, Tao1 aHuang, Yong-Jiang1 aZhou, Zhe-Kun uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/173