02922nas a2200193 4500008004100000020001400041245008400055210006900139260002100208300000900229520232100238100002202559700002102581700002602602700001902628700001702647700002002664856004402684 2014 eng d a1477-200000aMultiple nuclear genes stabilize the phylogenetic backbone of the genus Quercus0 aMultiple nuclear genes stabilize the phylogenetic backbone of th bTaylor & Francis a1-193 aPhylogenetic relationships among 108 oak species (genus Quercus L.) were inferred using DNA sequences of six nuclear genes selected from the existing genomic resources of the genus. Previous phylogenetic reconstructions based on traditional molecular markers are inconclusive at the deeper nodes. Overall, weak phylogenetic signals were obtained for each individual gene analysis, but stronger signals were obtained when gene sequences were concatenated. Our data support the recognition of six major intrageneric groups Cyclobalanopsis, Cerris, Ilex, Quercus, Lobatae and Protobalanus. Our analyses provide resolution at deeper nodes but with moderate support and a more robust infrageneric classification within the two major clades, the ?Old World Oaks? (Cyclobalanopsis, Cerris, Ilex) and ?New World Oaks? (Quercus, Lobatae, Protobalanus). However, depending on outgroup choice, our analysis yielded two alternative placements of the Cyclobalanopsis clade within the genus Quercus. When Castanea Mill. was chosen as outgroup, our data suggested that the genus Quercus comprised two clades corresponding to two subgenera as traditionally recognized by Camus: subgenus Euquercus Hickel and Camus and subgenus Cyclobalanopsis ?ersted (Schneider). However, when Notholithocarpus Manos, Cannon and S. Oh was chosen as an outgroup subgenus Cyclobalanopsis clustered with Cerris and Ilex groups to form the Old World clade. To assess the placement of the root, we complemented our dataset with published data of ITS and CRC sequences. Based on the concatenated eight gene sequences, the most likely root position is at the split between the ?Old World Oaks? and the ?New World Oaks?, which is one of the alternative positions suggested by our six gene analysis. Using a dating approach, we inferred an Eocene age for the primary divergences in Quercus and a root age of about 50?55 Ma, which agrees with palaeobotanical evidence. Finally, irrespective of the outgroup choice, our data boost the topology within the New World clade, where (Protobalanus + Quercus) is a sister clade of Lobatae. Inferred divergence ages within this clade and the Cerris?Ilex clade are generally younger than could be expected from the fossil record, indicating that morphological differentiation pre-dates genetic isolation in this clade.1 aHubert, François1 aGrimm, Guido, W.1 aJousselin, Emmanuelle1 aBerry, Vincent1 aFranc, Alain1 aKremer, Antoine uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/16202534nas a2200133 4500008004100000245007900041210006900120260001900189520207400208100002902282700002502311700002002336856004402356 2014 eng d00aEvidence for selection on a CONSTANS-like gene between two red oak species0 aEvidence for selection on a CONSTANSlike gene between two red oa cMarch 10, 20143 aBackground and Aims Hybridizing species such as oaks may provide a model to study the role of selection in speciation with gene flow. Discrete species' identities and different adaptations are maintained among closely related oak species despite recurrent gene flow. This is probably due to ecologically mediated selection at a few key genes or genomic regions. Neutrality tests can be applied to identify so-called outlier loci, which demonstrate locus-specific signatures of divergent selection and are candidate genes for further study.Methods Thirty-six genic microsatellite markers, some with putative functions in flowering time and drought tolerance, and eight non-genic microsatellite markers were screened in two population pairs (n = 160) of the interfertile species Quercus rubra and Q. ellipsoidalis, which are characterized by contrasting adaptations to drought. Putative outliers were then tested in additional population pairs from two different geographic regions (n = 159) to support further their potential role in adaptive divergence.Key Results A marker located in the coding sequence of a putative CONSTANS-like (COL) gene was repeatedly identified as under strong divergent selection across all three geographically disjunct population pairs. COL genes are involved in the photoperiodic control of growth and development and are implicated in the regulation of flowering time.Conclusions The location of the polymorphism in the Quercus COL gene and given the potential role of COL genes in adaptive divergence and reproductive isolation makes this a promising candidate speciation gene. Further investigation of the phenological characteristics of both species and flowering time pathway genes is suggested in order to elucidate the importance of phenology genes for the maintenance of species integrity. Next-generation sequencing in multiple population pairs in combination with high-density genetic linkage maps could reveal the genome-wide distribution of outlier genes and their potential role in reproductive isolation between these species.1 aLind-Riehl, Jennifer, F.1 aSullivan, Alexis, R.1 aGailing, Oliver uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/16302184nas a2200217 4500008004100000020001400041245017500055210006900230300001200299520141600311653002201727653002101749653002701770653002801797653002101825653001301846653001901859653002401878100002001902856004401922 2014 eng d a1469-813700aIs there a species spectrum within the world-wide leaf economics spectrum? Major variations in leaf functional traits in the Mediterranean sclerophyll Quercus ilex0 athere a species spectrum within the worldwide leaf economics spe an/a-n/a3 aThe leaf economics spectrum is a general concept describing coordinated variation in foliage structural, chemical and physiological traits across resource gradients. Yet, within this concept, the role of within-species variation, including ecotypic and plastic variation components, has been largely neglected. This study hypothesized that there is a within-species economics spectrum within the general spectrum in the evergreen sclerophyll Quercus ilex which dominates low resource ecosystems over an exceptionally wide range. An extensive database of foliage traits covering the full species range was constructed, and improved filtering algorithms were developed. Standardized data filtering was deemed absolutely essential as additional variation sources can result in trait variation of 10–300%, blurring the broad relationships. Strong trait variation, c. two-fold for most traits to up to almost an order of magnitude, was uncovered. Although the Q. ilex spectrum is part of the general spectrum, within-species trait and climatic relationships in this species partly differed from the overall spectrum. Contrary to world-wide trends, Q. ilex does not necessarily have a low nitrogen content per mass and can increase photosynthetic capacity with increasing foliage robustness. This study argues that the within-species economics spectrum needs to be considered in regional- to biome-level analyses.10abioclimatic niche10aclimatic drivers10adry mass per unit area10aleaf economics spectrum10aleaf physiognomy10anitrogen10aphotosynthesis10atrait relationships1 aNiinemets, Ülo uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/16401208nas a2200145 4500008004100000020001400041245010700055210006900162260002900231300001200260520070400272100002300976700001900999856004401018 2014 eng d a1600-058700aKISSMig – a simple model for R to account for limited migration in analyses of species distributions0 aKISSMig a simple model for R to account for limited migration in bBlackwell Publishing Ltd an/a-n/a3 aDetecting the legacy of time-lagged migration in species ranges is an urgent matter for understanding range dynamics. KISSMig is a simple migration model which generates maps of accessibility from areas of origin and allows the generation and testing of hypotheses about the influence of specific spread patterns on species distributions. KISSMig has important applications: 1) uncovering the influence of limited migration relative to other drivers, 2) detecting areas of origin and their importance as sources of migration, and 3) accounting for limited migration in modeling species distributions. Here we introduce KISSMig and use the oak species Quercus cerris to illustrate these applications.1 aNobis, Michael, P.1 aNormand, Signe uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/16503004nas a2200277 4500008004100000020001400041245012700055210006900182300001200251520209300263653003102356653003702387653002202424653001802446653001802464653001102482653002702493653002702520653002402547653002402571100002102595700002102616700002202637700002302659856004402682 2014 eng d a1365-269900aInfluence of climatic niche suitability and geographical overlap on hybridization patterns among southern Californian oaks0 aInfluence of climatic niche suitability and geographical overlap an/a-n/a3 aAim Information on the association between geographical patterns of hybridization and the climatic niche requirements and co-occurrence of the species involved can provide important insights that further our understanding of the factors promoting the formation of hybrid zones. Here, we test whether climatic niche suitability explains patterns of hybridization beyond spatial overlap in distributions of the geographically restricted Engelmann oak (Quercus engelmannii) and the widespread scrub oak species complex (Quercus spp.). Location Southern California, USA. Methods We sampled Engelmann and scrub oaks across 31 localities and genotyped 343 individuals at nine microsatellite loci. We used climatic niche modelling to assess the suitability of habitats for each parental species and hybrids and to analyse whether climatic niche suitability in addition to co-occurrence are associated with observed spatial patterns of hybridization. Results Our data indicated that hybrid zones are located in areas that are geographically constrained by the presence of scattered patches of Engelmann oak within a matrix broadly occupied by scrub oaks. However, the climatic niche of hybrids differed from that occupied by both Engelmann and scrub oaks, suggesting the importance of climate on their establishment and persistence beyond the simple role of geographical overlap of parental species distributions. We also found that even moderate levels of introgression contributed to increased genetic diversity in Engelmann oak but not in scrub oaks. Main conclusions These results show that hybrid zones follow a mosaic pattern constrained by the presence of scattered patches occupied by Engelmann oak and climatically suitable areas that favour the establishment of hybrids. The low rates of ongoing hybridization and the bimodal distribution of parental genotypes found here suggest that hybridization is not threatening Engelmann oak and this phenomenon could instead be promoting the acquisition of favourable alleles that may increase the adaptive potential of this vulnerable species.10aEcological niche modelling10aextinction through hybridization10agenetic diversity10aHYBRIDIZATION10aintrogression10aMaxent10amicrosatellite markers10aperipheral populations10aQuercus engelmannii10asouthern California1 aOrtego, Joaquín1 aGugger, Paul, F.1 aRiordan, Erin, C.1 aSork, Victoria, L. uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/16602794nas a2200253 4500008004100000020001400041245012200055210006900177300001200246520196400258653001502222653002302237653003102260653001402291653002202305653002202327653002502349653003302374653002402407100002102431700002102452700002302473856004402496 2014 eng d a1365-269900aClimatically stable landscapes predict patterns of genetic structure and admixture in the Californian canyon live oak0 aClimatically stable landscapes predict patterns of genetic struc an/a-n/a3 aAim We studied which factors shape contemporary patterns of genetic structure, diversity and admixture in the canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis). Specifically, we tested two alternative hypotheses: (1) that areas with high habitat suitability and stability since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) sustain higher effective population sizes, resulting in increased levels of genetic diversity; and (2) that populations from areas with lower habitat stability show higher levels of genetic admixture due to their recurrent colonization by individuals originating from genetically differentiated populations. Furthermore, we analysed the relative importance of past and current habitat suitability and their additive effects on contemporary patterns of genetic structure. Location California, USA. Methods We sampled 160 individuals from 33 localities across the distribution range of the canyon live oak in California and then combined information from 13 nuclear microsatellite DNA markers and climate niche modelling to study patterns of genetic variation in this species. We used Bayesian clustering analyses to analyse geographical patterns of genetic structure and admixture, and circuit theory to generate isolation-by-resistance (IBR) distance matrices. Results We found that the degree of genetic admixture was higher in localities with lower inferred population stability, but that genetic diversity was not associated with habitat suitability or stability. Landscape genetic analyses identified habitat stability as the primary driver of population genetic differentiation. Main conclusions This study shows that habitat stability can be a major factor shaping genetic variation in wind-pollinated trees and supports the idea that stable regions contribute to genetic connectivity across different climatic periods. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report an association between patterns of genetic admixture and stability of local habitat.10aCalifornia10aclimatic stability10aEcological niche modelling10agene flow10agenetic diversity10agenetic structure10ainterglacial refugia10apalaeodistribution modelling10aQuercus chrysolepis1 aOrtego, Joaquín1 aGugger, Paul, F.1 aSork, Victoria, L. uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/16702284nas a2200193 4500008004100000245014200041210006900183260001900252300001200271490000800283520159500291100003201886700002701918700002101945700002801966700002301994700002902017856004402046 2014 eng d00aMorphological and physiological divergences within Quercus ilex support the existence of different ecotypes depending on climatic dryness0 aMorphological and physiological divergences within Quercus ilex  cAugust 1, 2014 a301-3130 v1143 aBackground and Aims Several studies show apparently contradictory findings about the functional convergence within the Mediterranean woody flora. In this context, this study evaluates the variability of functional traits within holm oak (Quercus ilex) to elucidate whether provenances corresponding to different morphotypes represent different ecotypes locally adapted to the prevaling stress levels.Methods Several morphological and physiological traits were measured at leaf and shoot levels in 9-year-old seedlings of seven Q. ilex provenances including all recognized morphotypes. Plants were grown in a common garden for 9 years under the same environmental conditions to avoid possible biases due to site-specific characteristics.Key Results Leaf morphometry clearly separates holm oak provenances into ‘ilex’ (more elongated leaves with low vein density) and ‘rotundifolia’ (short and rounded leaves with high vein density) morphotypes. Moreover, these morphotypes represent two consistent and very contrasting functional types in response to dry climates, mainly in terms of leaf area, major vein density, leaf specific conductivity, resistance to drought-induced cavitation and turgor loss point.Conclusions The ‘ilex’ and ‘rotundifolia’ morphotypes correspond to different ecotypes as inferred from their contrasting functional traits. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the combined use of morphological and physiological traits has provided support for the concept of these two holm oak morphotypes being regarded as two different species.1 aPeguero-Pina, José, Javier1 aSancho-Knapik, Domingo1 aBarrón, Eduardo1 aCamarero, Julio, Jesús1 aVilagrosa, Alberto1 aGil-Pelegrín, Eustaquio uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/16802916nas a2200253 4500008004100000020001400041245008400055210006900139300001200208520215600220653001802376653001802394653001702412653001102429653001802440653002402458653002102482653002102503653002202524653002902546100002302575700002002598856004402618 2014 eng d a1365-269900aHistorical patterns of oak population expansion in the Chautauqua Hills, Kansas0 aHistorical patterns of oak population expansion in the Chautauqu an/a-n/a3 aAim Rates of tree population expansion have increased in many North American landscapes that were mosaics of grasslands, savannas and woodlands historically. Consequences of woodland expansion include reduced economic return from grazing and changes in native biodiversity, but causes of woodland expansion are poorly understood. We address historical timing of blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica) and post oak (Quercus stellata) population expansion in tree–grass ecosystems, roles of climate and land use in driving this expansion, and future stability of these woodlands. Location The Cross Timbers ecosystem in Kansas, USA. Methods Using increment cores, we quantified blackjack oak and post oak age structures in four woodlands on sites that were not wooded in the 1860s. We compared timing of oak regeneration with climate fluctuations (using the Palmer drought severity index) and land-use history. We quantified tree species composition within 5-m radii of sampled oaks. Results Recruitment of both oak species increased between 1925 and 1945. Modal age classes recruited from 1935 to 1960. Recruitment was associated with dry intervals at the two sites with north- or east-facing aspects. This association was driven by blackjack oak recruitment in dry intervals. Woodlands on the sites with south- and west-facing aspects contained only oaks, whereas those on the sites with north- and east-facing aspects contained saplings of fire-intolerant, shade-tolerant tree species. Main conclusions Our results contribute to growing evidence for woodland expansion in the region during dry climate intervals. The association between drought and recruitment was influenced by slope aspect and was more pronounced in the less fire-tolerant oak species. Although woodland expansion coincided with regional increases in fire frequency, drought and greater use of prescribed burning are likely to have reduced fire intensities by reducing fuel loads. These oak woodlands, which have developed during the 20th century, appear to form stable communities on xeric slopes but to be undergoing succession towards a mesophytic tree community on mesic slopes.10aAge structure10aCross Timbers10afire ecology10aKansas10amesophication10aQuercus marilandica10aQuercus stellata10atree recruitment10awoodland dynamics10awoody plant encroachment1 aRogers, Thomas, R.1 aRussell, Leland uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/16900809nas a2200217 4500008004500000020001400045245019000059210006900249260004300318300000900361653001700370653002300387653001600410653001900426653003300445100001700478700001400495700002000509700001800529856004400547 2014 Engldsh  a1612-466900aLeaf morphological evidence of natural hybridization between two oak species (Quercus austrocochinchinensis and Q. kerrii) and its implications for conservation management0 aLeaf morphological evidence of natural hybridization between two bSpringer Berlin Heidelbergc2014/09/03 a1-1310aConservation10aEndangered species10aHybrid zone10aLeaf epidermis10aLeaf morphological variation1 aSong, Yigang1 aDeng, Min1 aHipp, Andrew, L1 aLi, Qiansheng uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/17002347nas a2200145 4500008004100000245014300041210006900184260002100253520181400274100001202088700001902100700001502119700002302134856004402157 2014 eng d00aFactors affecting stress tolerance in recalcitrant embryonic axes from seeds of four Quercus (Fagaceae) species native to the USA or China0 aFactors affecting stress tolerance in recalcitrant embryonic axe cOctober 17, 20143 aBackground and Aims Quercus species are often considered ‘foundation’ components of several temperate and/or subtropical forest ecosystems. However, the populations of some species are declining and there is considerable urgency to develop ex situ conservation strategies. In this study, the storage physiology of seeds within Quercus was explored in order to determine factors that affect survival during cryopreservation and to provide a quantitative assessment of seed recalcitrance to support future studies of this complex trait.Methods Water relations and survival of excised axes in response to water loss and cryo-exposure were compared for four Quercus species from subtropical China (Q. franchetii, Q. schottkyana) and temperate USA (Q. gambelii, Q. rubra).Key Results Seed tissues initially had high water contents and water potentials. Desiccation tolerance of the embryonic axis was not correlated with the post-shedding rainfall patterns where the samples originated. Instead, higher desiccation tolerance was observed in samples growing in areas with colder winters. Survival following cryo-exposure correlated with desiccation tolerance. Among species, plumule tissues were more sensitive than radicles to excision, desiccation and cryo-exposure, and this led to a higher proportion of abnormally developing embryos during recovery following stress.Conclusions Quercus species adapted to arid and semi-humid climates still produce recalcitrant seeds. The ability to avoid freezing rather than drought may be a more important selection factor to increase desiccation tolerance. Cryopreservation of recalcitrant germplasm from temperate species is currently feasible, whilst additional protective treatments are needed for ex situ conservation of Quercus from tropical and subtropical areas.1 aXia, Ke1 aHill, Lisa, M.1 aLi, De-Zhu1 aWalters, Christina uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/17101861nas a2200253 4500008004100000020001400041245010900055210006900164300001200233490000800245520113300253653001201386653001801398653002101416653000801437653001301445100001401458700001701472700001801489700001901507700001901526700001801545856004401563 2014 eng d a1095-833900aLeaf epidermal features of Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis (Fagaceae) and their systematic significance0 aLeaf epidermal features of Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis Faga a224-2590 v1763 aLeaf epidermal features are important taxonomic features in Quercus. We studied leaf epidermal features of 91 species and one forma of Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis using light and scanning electron microscopy. Trichome terminology in oaks was assessed and clarified, aiming to score the epidermal features accurately for genus-wide comparison. Nine trichome types, anomocytic and cyclocytic stomatal apparatus, smooth layer and platelet epicuticular wax flakes, and two trichome base types were found in subgenus Cyclobalanopsis. The epidermal features revealed three main groups in subgenus Cyclobalanopsis. The epidermal features of Quercus s.l. were uniform, supporting recognition of Cyclobalanopsis as a subgenus of Quercus rather than as a separate genus. Most leaf epidermal features show a mosaic pattern, although their numerous variations offered valuable resources for species identification. The leaf epidermal features that can be used for identification of Quercus leaves are also discussed and summarized. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 176, 224–260.10aanatomy10aevergreen oak10alight microscope10aSEM10atrichome1 aDeng, Min1 aHipp, Andrew1 aSong, Yi-Gang1 aLi, Qian-Sheng1 aCoombes, Allen1 aCotton, Alexa uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/15902895nas a2200301 4500008004100000245008000041210006900121260003000190300001100220490000600231520198100237100001902218700002002237700001902257700002002276700002202296700001902318700002402337700002102361700002302382700002202405700002602427700002702453700002102480700002802501700002002529856004402549 2014 eng d00aHigh Rates of Gene Flow by Pollen and Seed in Oak Populations across Europe0 aHigh Rates of Gene Flow by Pollen and Seed in Oak Populations ac bPublic Library of Science ae851300 v93 a

Gene flow is a key factor in the evolution of species, influencing effective population size, hybridisation and local adaptation. We analysed local gene flow in eight stands of white oak (mostly Quercus petraea and Q. robur, but also Q. pubescens and Q. faginea) distributed across Europe.

Adult trees within a given area in each stand were exhaustively sampled (range [239, 754], mean 423), mapped, and acorns were collected ([17,147], 51) from several mother trees ([3], [47], 23). Seedlings ([65,387], 178) were harvested and geo-referenced in six of the eight stands. Genetic information was obtained from screening distinct molecular markers spread across the genome, genotyping each tree, acorn or seedling. All samples were thus genotyped at 5–8 nuclear microsatellite loci. Fathers/parents were assigned to acorns and seedlings using likelihood methods. Mating success of male and female parents, pollen and seed dispersal curves, and also hybridisation rates were estimated in each stand and compared on a continental scale.

On average, the percentage of the wind-borne pollen from outside the stand was 60%, with large variation among stands (21–88%). Mean seed immigration into the stand was 40%, a high value for oaks that are generally considered to have limited seed dispersal. However, this estimate varied greatly among stands (20–66%). Gene flow was mostly intraspecific, with large variation, as some trees and stands showed particularly high rates of hybridisation.

Our results show that mating success was unevenly distributed among trees. The high levels of gene flow suggest that geographically remote oak stands are unlikely to be genetically isolated, questioning the static definition of gene reserves and seed stands.

1 aGerber, Sophie1 aChadœuf, Joël1 aGugerli, Felix1 aLascoux, Martin1 aBuiteveld, Joukje1 aCottrell, Joan1 aDounavi, Aikaterini1 aFineschi, Silvia1 aForrest, Laura, L.1 aFogelqvist, Johan1 aGoicoechea, Pablo, G.1 aJensen, Jan, Svejgaard1 aSalvini, Daniela1 aVendramin, Giovanni, G.1 aKremer, Antoine uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/16002764nas a2200265 4500008004100000245008000041210006900121300001100190490000600201520194800207653003402155653001302189653003102202653001802233653002202251653001202273653003602285100002102321700002402342700002902366700002202395700001702417700002002434856004402454 2014 eng d00aA framework phylogeny of the American oak clade based on sequenced RAD data0 aframework phylogeny of the American oak clade based on sequenced ae939750 v93 aOaks (Quercus, Fagaceae) are notorious in plant systematics for the problems they pose at the species level and for higher-level phylogenetics. Previous studies based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences have failed to resolve the backbone phylogeny of the genus with strong support. In this study, we utilize next-generation sequencing of restriction-site associated DNA (RAD-Seq) to resolve a framework phylogeny of a predominantly American clade of oaks whose crown age is estimated at 23–33 million years old. Using a recently developed analytical pipeline for RAD-Seq phylogenetics, we created a concatenated matrix of 1.39E06 aligned nucleotides, constituting 27,727 sequence clusters or ‘loci.’ We reran a subset of seven individuals as technical replicates and found that RAD-Seq data are readily combined across runs, with no difference in phylogenetic placement between replicates, despite the fact that a change in sequencing platforms between replicate runs resulted in data overlap between technical replicates of only 43–64%. 17% (4,715) of the loci we analyzed could be matched with high confidence (BLASTN E-value < 1E–15) to one or more expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in NCBI Genbank. A concatenated matrix of the loci that BLAST to at least one EST sequence provides approximately half as many variable or parsimony-informative characters as same-sized datasets from the non-EST loci. The EST-associated matrix is more complete (fewer missing loci) and has slightly lower homoplasy than non-EST subsampled matrices of the same size, but there is no difference in phylogenetic support or relative attribution of base substitutions to internal versus terminal branches of the phylogeny. The phylogeny we recover provides a robust estimate of the framework phylogeny for the American oak clade and demonstrates the utility of RAD-Seq data for inferring phylogeny in a 23–33 million year-old vascular plant clade.10aExpressed sequence tags (EST)10aFagaceae10anext-generation sequencing10aphylogenomics10aplant systematics10aQuercus10arestriction-site associated DNA1 aHipp, Andrew, L.1 aEaton, Deren, A. R.1 aCavender-Bares, Jeannine1 aFitzek, Elisabeth1 aNipper, Rick1 aManos, Paul, S. uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/161