03248nas a2200277   4500008004100000020001400041245007800055210006900133260002900202300001200231490000700243520243500250653001002685653000902695653001902704653001502723653002802738653002502766653001902791653002102810653002202831653002302853100002102876700002902897856004402926       2013                        eng d  a1365-269900aMolecular and morphological support for a Florida origin of the Cuban oak0 aMolecular and morphological support for a Florida origin of the   bBlackwell Publishing Ltd  a632-6450 v403 aAim  The origins of the Cuban biota are of long-standing interest in biogeography, and the source of a small live oak (Quercus series Virentes) population on Cuba remains unresolved. Based on morphological evidence, previous authors have hypothesized a Florida origin from either Q. geminata or Q. virginiana or both; a Mexican origin from Q. oleoides; or a hybrid origin from both sources. We use molecular data and taxonomically informative leaf morphology to identify the source species and timing of colonization. Location  Cuba, Central America, Mexico and the south-eastern United States. Methods  We collected representative samples of Cuban oaks and each putative source species and genotyped each sample at 12 nuclear microsatellites and two chloroplast DNA sequences. We estimated population structure using a Bayesian clustering analysis and F-statistics, pairwise migration rates among taxa, and divergence time using an isolation-with-migration model. We measured seven leaf traits and conducted an analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) to determine which putative source species was most similar to Cuban oaks. Results  Cuban oak contains one chloroplast DNA haplotype, which is common in southern Florida. Bayesian clustering analysis of microsatellites revealed that the Cuban oak forms a distinct and pure population cluster, and F-statistics showed that Cuban oaks are differentiated least from Q. virginiana and most from Q. geminata. Migration rates were highest out of Cuba to Q. oleoides. Molecular diversity, the ratio of allelic richness to allele size range, and effective population size of the Cuban oak were relatively low, suggesting a founder effect. Divergence time estimates fell entirely within the Pleistocene (628–6 ka), considering a range of mutation rates and generation times. Cuban oaks were morphologically most similar to Q. virginiana and least similar to Q. geminata. Main conclusions  Molecular and morphological data support a Pleistocene dispersal of Q. virginiana from Florida to Cuba, followed by isolation and divergence, then limited dispersal and introgression from Cuba to Q. oleoides in Central America. Birds could have dispersed acorns to Cuba during a glacial period when sea levels were low. These results highlight the varied origin of the Cuban biota and the possible role of Pleistocene glaciations in the establishment of temperate taxa in the tropics.10acpDNA10aCuba10afounder effect10amorphology10anuclear microsatellites10aover-water dispersal10aphylogeography10aQuercus oleoides10aQuercus sagraeana10aQuercus virginiana1 aGugger, Paul, F.1 aCavender-Bares, Jeannine  uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/15303959nas a2200277   4500008004100000245014000041210006900181490000700250520301000257653002003267653003003287653002003317653002303337653002003360653001903380653002803399653003103427653004403458653001403502100002903516700003203545700002103577700001803598700002103616856004403637       2011                        eng d00aPhylogeography and climatic niche evolution in live oaks (<i>Quercus </i>series <i>Virentes</i>) from the tropics to the temperate zone0 aPhylogeography and climatic niche evolution in live oaks iQuercu0 v383 aAim: We investigated the phylogeography, geographic variation in leaf morphology, freezingtolerance and climatic niches of two widespread evergreen sister oak species (Quercus) in theseries Virentes to gain insight into 1) the historical biogeographic explanations for populationgenetic structure and leaf morphological variation, and 2) the influence of genetically-basedvariation in freezing tolerance within and between species on climatic range limits and geneflow, and 3) to examine the evidence for contrasting impacts of Pleistocene glacial cycles ongenetic structure and diversity in tropical and temperate regions.Location: Southeastern U.S., Mexico and Central AmericaMethods: Nuclear microsatellites, non-recombining nuclear sequences within ITS and NIA-i3and chloroplast DNA sequences were obtained from samples collected throughout the range oftwo sister lineages of live oaks, represented by Quercus virginiana in the temperate zone andQuercus oleoides in the tropics. Divergence times were estimated for the two major geographicand genetic breaks. Differentiation in leaf morphology, analyzed from field specimens, wascompared to the molecular data. Freezing sensitivities of Q. virginiana and Q. oleoidespopulations were assessed in a common garden under controlled tropical and temperate climatesand compared to minimum temperature climatic niches for each species.Results: The geographic break between Q. virginiana and Q. oleoides was associated withstrong genetic differentiation of possible Miocene origin and with differentiation in freezingsensitivity, climatic envelopes and leaf morphology. A second important geographic and geneticbreak within Q. oleoides between Costa Rica and the rest of Central America showed aPleistocene divergence time and no differentiation in leaf morphology. Population geneticdifferentiation was greater but genetic diversity was lower within temperate Q. virginianacompared to tropical Q. oleoides, and genetic breaks largely corresponded to breaks in leafmorphology.Main Conclusions: Two major breaks, one between Mexico and the U.S. at the speciesboundary, and a more recent one within Q. oleoides between Honduras and Costa Rica implicateclimatic changes as potential causes. The latter break may be associated with formation of theCordillera Guanacaste followed by seasonal changes in precipitation. In the former case, an “outof the tropics” scenario is hypothesized, in which acquisition of freezing tolerance in Q.virginiana permitted colonization of and expansion in the temperate zone while differences inclimatic tolerances between the species limited secondary contact. More pronounced Pleistocenechanges in climate and sea level in the southeastern U.S. relative to Central America may explainthe greater population differentiation within temperate Q. virginiana and greater genetic diversityin tropical Q. oleoides. These patterns are predicted to hold for other taxa that span temperateand tropical zones of North and Middle America10aCentral America10achloroplast DNA sequences10aclimatic niches10afreezing tolerance10aleaf morphology10aNIA-i3 and ITS10anuclear microsatellites10aPleistocene glacial cycles10arise, unglaciated eastern North America10asea level1 aCavender-Bares, Jeannine1 aGonzalez-Rodriguez, Antonio1 aPahlich, Annette1 aKoehler, Kari1 aDeacon, Nicholas  uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/135