02212nas a2200205   4500008004100000245007900041210006900120260000900189300001400198490000700212520162300219100001601842700001401858700001601872700001501888700001601903700001501919700001501934856005701949       2002                        eng d00aLandscape-level spatial genetic structure in Quercus acutissima (Fagaceae)0 aLandscapelevel spatial genetic structure in Quercus acutissima F  c2002  a1229-12360 v893 aQuercus acutissima (Fagaceae), a deciduous broad-leaved tree, is an important forest element in hillsides of South Korea. We used allozyme loci, Wright’s F statistics, and multilocus spatial autocorrelation statistics to examine the distribution of genetic diversity within and among three local populations and the spatial genetic structure at a landscape scale (15 ha, 250 x 600 m) on Oenaro Island, South Korea. Levels of genetic diversity in Q. acutissima populations were comparable to mean values for other oak species. A moderate but significant deficit of heterozygotes (mean FIS = 0.069) was detected within local populations and low but significant differentiation was observed among populations (FST = 0.010). Spatial autocorrelation analyses revealed little evidence of significant genetic structure at spatial scales of 100-120 m. The failure to detect genetic structure within populations may be due to intraspecific competition or random mortality among saplings, resulting in extensive thinning within maternal half-sib groups. Alternatively, low genetic differentiation at the landscape scale indicates substantial gene flow among local populations. Although wind-borne pollen may be the primary source of gene flow in Q. acutissima, these results suggest that acorn movement by animals may be more extensive than previously anticipated. Comparison of these genetic data for Oenaro Island with a disturbed isolated inland population suggests that population-to-population differences in internal genetic structure may be influenced by local variation in regeneration environment (e.g., disturbance).1 aChung, M.Y.1 aNason, J.1 aChung, M.G.1 aKim, K.-J.1 aPark, C.-W.1 aSun, B.-Y.1 aPak, J.-H.  uhttp://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/89/8/122902355nas a2200337   4500008004100000245013200041210006900173260000900242300001200251490000700263520141100270100001501681700001601696700001401712700001701726700001501743700001801758700001601776700001501792700002001807700001601827700001701843700001601860700002201876700001301898700001601911700001401927700001801941700001501959856004301974       2002                        eng d00aLeaf morphological differentiation between Quercus robur and Quercus petraea is stable across western European mixed oak stands0 aLeaf morphological differentiation between Quercus robur and Que  c2002  a777-7870 v593 aLeaf morphology was assessed in nine mixed oak stands (Quercus petraea and Q. robur) located in eight European countries.Exhaustive sampling was used in an area of each stand where the two species coexisted in approximately equal proportions (about 170 trees/species/ stand). Fourteen leaf characters were assessed on each of 5 to10 leaves collected from the upper part of each tree. Three multivariate statistical techniques (CDA, canonical discriminant analysis; PCA, principal component analysis; MCA, multiple correspondence analysis) were used in two different ways: first on the total set of leaves over all stands (global analysis) and second, separately within each stand (local analysis). There was a general agreement of the results among the statistical methods used and between the analyses conducted (global and local). The first synthetic variable derived by each multivariate analysis exhibited a clear and sharp bimodal distribution, with overlapping in the central part. The two modes were interpreted as the two species, and the overlapping region was interpreted as an area where the within-species variations were superimposed. There was no discontinuity in the distribution or no visible evidence of a third mode which would have indicated the existence of a third population composed of trees with intermediate morphologies. Based on petiole length and number of intercalary veins, an1 aKremer, A.1 aDupouey, J.1 aDeans, J.1 aCottrell, J.1 aCsaikl, U.1 aFinkeldey, R.1 aEspinel, S.1 aJensen, J.1 aKleinschmit, J.1 aVan Dam, B.1 aDucousso, A.1 aForrest, I.1 ade Heredia, Lopez1 aLowe, A.1 aTutkova, M.1 aMunro, R.1 aSteinhoff, S.1 aBadeau, V.  uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/5201878nas a2200157   4500008004100000245012900041210006900170260000900239300001400248490000700262520134300269100001601612700001701628700001701645856005801662       2002                        eng d00aLimited hybridization between Quercus lobata and Quercus douglasii (Fagaceae) in a mixed stand in central coastal California0 aLimited hybridization between Quercus lobata and Quercus douglas  c2002  a1792-17980 v893 aMany oak species are interfertile, and morphological and genetic evidence for hybridization is widespread. Here we use DNA microsatellite markers to characterize hybridization between two closely related oak species in a mixed stand in central coastal California, Quercus lobata (valley oak) and Q. douglasii (blue oak) (Fagaceae). Genotypes from four microsatellite loci indicate that many alleles are shared between the two species. However, each species harbors unique alleles, and allele frequencies differ significantly. A Bayesian analysis of genetic structure in the stand identified two highly differentiated genetic clusters, essentially corresponding to species assignment based on morphology. Data from the four loci were sufficient to assign all 135 trees to one of the two species. In addition, five putative hybrid individuals having intermediate morphologies could be assigned genetically to one or the other species, and all but one had low probability of hybrid ancestry. Overally, only six (4.6%) trees showed >0.05 probability of hybrid ancestry, in all cases their probabilities for nonhybrid ancestry were substantially higher. We conclude that adult hybrids of Q. douglasii x Q. lobata are rare at this site and plasticity in morphological characters may lead to overestimates of hybridization among Quercus species.1 aCraft, K.J.1 aAshley, M.V.1 aKoenig, W.D.  uhttp://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/89/11/179200674nas a2200169   4500008004100000245007400041210006900115260000900184300001200193490000600205520017800211100001800389700001800407700001200425700002400437856004300461       2002                        eng d00aMicrosatellite markers for northern red oak (Fagaceae: Quercus rubra)0 aMicrosatellite markers for northern red oak Fagaceae Quercus rub  c2002  a472-4740 v23 aWe provide primer sequences for 14 (GA)microsatellite loci developed from northern red oak, an important timber species. We screened loci using two sets of samples. A parent1 aALDRICH, P.R.1 aMICHLER, C.H.1 aSUN, W.1 aROMERO-SEVERSON, J.  uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/5402478nas a2200169   4500008004100000245008100041210006900122260000900191300001400200490000700214520198500221100001602206700001202222700001602234700001502250856004302265       2002                        eng d00aPhylogeographical variation of chloroplast DNA in holm oak (Quercus ilex L.)0 aPhylogeographical variation of chloroplast DNA in holm oak Querc  c2002  a2327-23360 v113 aVariation in the lengths of restriction fragments (RFLPs) of the wholechloroplast DNA molecule was studied in 174 populations of Quercus ilex L. sampled over the entire distribution of this evergreen and mainly Mediterranean oak species. By using five endonucleases, 323 distinct fragments were obtained. From the 29 and 17 cpDNA changes identified as site and length mutations, respectively, 25 distinct chlorotypes were distinguished, mapped and treated cladistically with a parsimony analysis, using as an outgroup Q. alnifolia Poech, a closely related evergreen oak species endemic to Cyprus where Q. ilex does not grow. The predominant role of Q. ilex as maternal parent in hybridization with other species was reflected by the occurrence of a single very specific lineage of related chlorotypes, the most ancestral and recent ones being located in the southeastern and in the northwestern parts of the species’ geographical distribution, respectively. The lineage was constituted of two clusters of chlorotypes observed in the ’ilex’ morphotyped populations of the Balkan and Italian Peninsulas (including the contiguous French Riviera), respectively. A third cluster was divided into two subclusters identified in the ’rotundifolia’ morphotyped populations of North Africa, and of Iberia and the adjacent French regions, respectively. Postglacial colonization probably started from three distinct southerly refugia located in each of the three European peninsulas, and a contact area between the Italian and the Iberian migration routes was identified in the Rhone valley (France). Chlorotypes identical or related to those of the Iberian cluster were identified in the populations from Catalonia and the French Languedoc region, which showed intermediate morphotypes, and in the French Atlantic populations which possessed the ’ilex’ morphotype, suggesting the occurrence of adaptive morphological changes in the northern part of the species’ distribution.1 aLumaret, R.1 aMir, C.1 aMichaud, H.1 aRaynal, V.  uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/5503254nas a2200493   4500008004100000245012000041210006900161260000900230300001400239490000700253520179700260653002302057653001802080653001802098653002602116653001202142653001902154653002802173653002202201653002202223653002002245653001802265653001302283653001202296653002002308653004402328653005402372653002502426653003802451653002102489653001902510653002002529653001902549653000902568653002002577100001602597700001702613700001802630700001702648700001602665700002302681700001302704856004302717       2002                        eng d00aPollen movement in declining populations of California Valley oak, Quercus lobata: Where have all the fathers gone?0 aPollen movement in declining populations of California Valley oa  c2002  a1657-16680 v113 aThe fragmented populations and reduced population densities that result from human disturbance are issues of growing importance in evolutionary and conservation biology. A key issue is whether remnant individuals become reproductively isolated. California Valley oak (Quercus lobata) is a widely distributed, endemic species in California, increasingly jeopardized by anthropogenic changes in biota and land use. We studied pollen movement in a savannah population of Valley oak at Sedgwick Reserve, Santa Barbara County, to estimate effective number of pollen donors (Nep) and average distance of effective pollen movement (delta). Using TWOGENER, our recently developed hybrid model of paternity and genetic structure treatments that analyses maternal and progeny multilocus genotypes, we found that current Nep = 3.68 individuals. Based on an average adult density of d = 1.19 stems/ha, we assumed a bivariate normal distribution to model current average pollen dispersal distance (delta) and estimated delta = 64.8 m. We then deployed our parameter estimates in spatially explicit models of the Sedgwick population to evaluate the extent to which Nep may have changed, as a consequence of progressive stand thinning between 1944 and 1999. Assuming that pollen dispersal distance has not changed, we estimate Nep was 4.57 individuals in 1944, when stand density was 1.48. Both estimates indicate fewer effective fathers than one might expect for wind-pollinated species and fewer than observed elsewhere. The results presented here provide a basis for further refinements on modelling pollen movement. If the trends continue, then ongoing demographic attrition could further reduce neighbourhood size in Valley oak resulting in increased risk of reproductive failure and genetic isolation.10a[26070-] Fagaceae-10aadult-density10aAngiospermae-10adeclining-populations10aDicots-10aDicotyledones-10aFagaceae-: Angiosperms-10agenetic-isolation10ahuman-disturbance10aNearctic-region10aNorth-America10aPlantae-10aPlants-10apollen-movement10aPopulation-Genetics: Population-Studies10aQuercus-lobata (Fagaceae-): California-Valley-oak10areproductive-failure10aSanta-Barbara-County: California-10aSedgwick-Reserve10aSpermatophyta-10aSpermatophytes-10aTWOGENER-model10aUSA-10aVascular-Plants1 aSork, V.-L.1 aDavis, F.-W.1 aSmouse, P.-E.1 aApsit, V.-J.1 aDyer, R.-J.1 aFernandez-M, J.-F.1 aKuhn, B.  uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/5601439nas a2200325   4500008004100000245009600041210006900137260000900206300001400215490000800229520059800237653000800835653003100843653001700874653001200891653002500903100000500928700001600933700001400949700001700963700001400980700001700994700000501011700000501016700000501021700001501026700001301041700001601054856004301070       2002                        eng d00aChloroplast DNA variation of white oaks in the northern Balkans and in the Carpathian Basin0 aChloroplast DNA variation of white oaks in the northern Balkans   c2002  a197 - 2090 v1563 aA total of 1113 oak trees from 222 populations originating from eight countries (Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Yugoslavia) were sampled in natural populations or in provenance tests. The sampled trees belong to four different species (Quercus robur, Quercus petraea, Quercus pubescens, Quercus frainetto) and to several putative subspecies. Variation at four chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) fragments was studied using restriction enzymes, resulting in the detection of 12 haplotypes. One haplotype was present in 36% of the trees, and six were found in 610aPCR10aPostglacial recolonisation10aQuercus spp.10aRefugia10aSpecies distribution1 a1 aPopescu, F.1 aSlade, D.1 aCsaikl, U.M.1 aLesur, I.1 aBorovics, A.1 a1 a1 a1 aBrewer, S.1 aBurg, K.1 aPetit, R.J.  uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/4702094nas a2200205   4500008004100000245007500041210006900116260000900185300001200194490000700206520149700213653001801710653002001728653003001748653002001778653001601798100001401814700001701828856004301845       2002                        eng d00aFactors influencing male mating success in bur oak, Quercus macrocarpa0 aFactors influencing male mating success in bur oak Quercus macro  c2002  a161-1800 v153 aPollen donors of acorns and saplings in a stand of bur oak were identified by paternity exclusion using microsatellite genotype analysis. Here we examine the influence of several factors likely to affect reproductive success of males with wind-dispersed pollen, including distance of pollen donor from maternal tree, genetic relatedness of pollen donor to maternal tree, direction of pollen donor relative to maternal tree, and size of pollen donor (crown volume and trunk diameter). Surprisingly, none of these factors were strongly correlated with fertilization success, although weak but significant correlations with crown volume and distance were found. The slight influence of distance is actually overestimated here, because our analysis necessarily excluded a large proportion of pollinations that were effected by trees outside the stand. The pollen donors outside the stand were not identified, but were more than 150 meters away. Pollination patterns in this stand of bur oak are quite complicated. Seed parents were fertilized by multiple pollen donors within the stand from all directions and as far as 200 m away. These results caution against the use of models of pollination that are based on simple distance or directional parameters because they will not adequately predict gene flow or male reproductive success. Our results further emphasize the importance of genetically identifying successful pollen donors rather than relying on patterns of physical movement of pollen.10afemale choice10aforest genetics10amale reproductive success10amicrosatellites10apollination1 aDow, B.D.1 aAshley, M.V.  uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/4801759nas a2200145   4500008004100000245011900041210006900160260000900229300001200238490000700250520127300257100001901530700002101549856004301570       2002                        eng d00aGenetic differentiation of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) in the European part of Russia based on RAPD markers0 aGenetic differentiation of pedunculate oak Quercus robur L in th  c2002  a207-2150 v383 aUsing randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers (RAPD), genetic variation anddifferentiation in four populations of pedunculate oak Quercus robur L. were examined. The populations occupy a large part of the Quercus robur range in the European Russia (Voronezh and Novgorod oblasts; Republics of Mordovia and Bashkortostan). With each of six random primers (A02, A09, A17, B01, B08, B11), 96 DNA samples were analyzed by PCR. In all, 48 putative polymorphic RAPD loci were detected. We failed to reveal population-specific DNA fragments for any primer although the frequencies of 14 fragments were significantly different among populations. The oak populations studied exhibited high variability: 73-90% of genes were polymorphic and the effective allele number was about 1.4. The total genetic variation varied from 0.202 (Vor) to 0.245 (Nov), which corresponded to the estimates for populations of this species from Central and Western Europe. The populations examined showed low among-population differentiation (GST = 0.098); gene flow Nem was 4.61. The proportion of among-population variation of the RAPD loci studied accounted for 7% of the total variability; more than 93% of the total variability was explained by individual and within–population variation.1 aIakovlev, I.A.1 aKleinschmidt, J.  uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/4902293nas a2200133   4500008004100000245014100041210006900182260000900251300001200260520181300272100001602085700001502101856004302116       2002                        eng d00aGenetic differentiation of two california red oak species, Quercus parvula var. shreveii and Q. wislizeni, based on AFLP genetic markers0 aGenetic differentiation of two california red oak species Quercu  c2002  a417-4263 aOaks are renowned for posing problems in defining species boundaries. One example is the case of the interior live oak complex that is usually taken to include two varieties of Quercus wislizeni from the Coast Ranges of California and the Sierra Nevada, and Q. parvula var. shreveii from the central coast of California. The latter taxon was separated from Q. wislizeni, and was recognized in The Jepson Manual, but still is not fully accepted, since its morphological separation is ambiguous. In an attempt to test differentiation of these two taxa, molecular genetic analysis was carried out using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers. A total of 202 individuals from 19 populations including Q. parvula var. shreveii, Quercus wislizeni, Q. kelloggii and Q. agrifolia were analyzed. Four primer sets generated 311 polymorphic band classes. Although species-specific markers were observed between Q. kelloggii and other members of the red oak group in California, fixed genetic differences were not apparent among Q. agrifolia, Q. parvula var. shreveii and Q. wislizeni. Cluster analysis and principal coordinate analysis revealed low levels of genetic differentiation among coast live oak, interior live oak and shreve oak. Cluster analysis also suggested that Q. agrifolia populations are more similar to populations of Q. parvula var. shreveii than to coastal populations of Q. wislizeni. This may reflect the relatively short time since divergence of these species. On the other hand, repetitive hybridization and introgression may have acted as a homogenizing factor for these genetic markers. The relatively high genetic similarity between Q. agrifolia and Q. parvula var. shreveii may have implications for the management of Sudden Oak Death in the limited range of the latter taxon.1 aKashani, N.1 aDodd, R.S.  uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/50