02465nas a2200169   4500008004100000245012100041210006900162300001200231520179600243653011802039100001802157700001902175700001802194700002002212700001902232856004402251       2015                        eng d00aMultiple glacial refugia for cool-temperate deciduous trees in northern East Asia: the Mongolian Oak as a case study0 aMultiple glacial refugia for cooltemperate deciduous trees in no  an/a-n/a3 a<p>In East Asia, temperate forests are predicted to have retracted southward to c. 30&ordm; N during the last glacial maximum (LGM) based on fossil pollen data, whereas phylogeographic studies have often suggested glacial in situ survival of cool-temperate deciduous trees in their modern northern ranges. Here we report a study of the genetic diversity and structure of 29 natural Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica) populations using 19 nuclear simple sequence repeat (nSSR) loci and four chloroplast DNA fragments. Bayesian clustering analysis with nSSRs revealed five groups, which were inferred by approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) to have diverged in multiple refugia through multiple glacial-interglacial cycles. Analysis of chloroplast DNA variation revealed four lineages that were largely but incompletely geographically disjunct. Ecological Niche Modelling (ENM) indicated a southward range shift of the oak&#39;s distribution at the LGM, although high suitability scores were also evident in the Changbai Mts. (Northeast China), the Korean Peninsula, areas surrounding the Bohai Sea, and along the coast of the Russian Far East. In addition, endemic chloroplast DNA haplotypes and nuclear lineages occurred in high-latitude northern areas where the ENM predicted no suitable habitat. The combined evidence from nuclear and chloroplast DNA, and the results of the ENM clearly demonstrate that multiple northern refugia, including cryptic ones, were maintained across the current distributional range of the Mongolian oak during the LGM or earlier glacial periods. Though spatially limited, postglacial expansions from these refugia have led to a pattern of decreased genetic diversity with increasing latitude. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.</p>
10aEast Asia ecological niche modelling molecular variation northern refugia Quaternary glaciations temperate forest1 aZeng, Yan-Fei1 aWang, Wen-Ting1 aLiao, Wan-Jin1 aWang, Hong-Fang1 aZhang, Da-Yong  uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/17801890nas a2200169   4500008004100000245007000041210006800111260000900179300001400188490000600202520135900208100002101567700001401588700001901602700001501621856008401636       1997                        eng d00aConservation of (GA)n microsatellite loci between Quercus species0 aConservation of GAn microsatellite loci between Quercus species  c1997  a1189-11940 v63 aMicrosatellite (simple sequence repeat, SSR) amplification was performed in eight different members of the Fagaceae family by using sets of primers developed from sessile oak, Quercus petraea. In total, 136 cases of heterologous amplification were carried out, and 66% resulted in interpretable amplification products. From these, 12 PCR amplification products were sequenced and all 12 contained a sequence homologous to the original locus from Q. petraea. Although SSR primers worked even across different genera, with increasing evolutionary distance there was a clear tendency for decreasing ability to successfully amplify loci and a decreasing proportion of polymorphism amongst those markers which could be amplified. Two of the loci, ssrQpZAG46 and ssrQpZAG110, were polymorphic in all Quercus species tested. Only at one locus, ssrQpZAG58, a specific PCR product could be amplified in all species analysed. For four loci found in two species, we observed significant interspecies differences in the size range of the amplified alleles. Sequence analysis of two alleles showed that the size differences are not only due to variations in the number of (GA) repeats but also to an insertion of approximately 80 nucleotides in the flanking region. Our findings prove the usefulness of SSR markers within and amongst closely related genera of plants.1 aSteinkellner, H.1 aLexer, C.1 aTuretschek, E.1 aGlossl, J.  uhttp://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1365-294X.1997.00288.x/abs00448nas a2200133   4500008004100000245010300041210006900144260000900213300001200222490000600234100001400240700001700254856004300271       1996                        eng d00aMicrosatellite analysis of seed dispersal and parentage of saplings in bur oak, Quercus macrocarpa0 aMicrosatellite analysis of seed dispersal and parentage of sapli  c1996  a615-6270 v51 aDow, B.D.1 aAshley, M.V.  uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/7300674nas a2200169   4500008004100000245007400041210006900115260000900184300001200193490000600205520017800211100001800389700001800407700001200425700002400437856004300461       2002                        eng d00aMicrosatellite markers for northern red oak (Fagaceae: Quercus rubra)0 aMicrosatellite markers for northern red oak Fagaceae Quercus rub  c2002  a472-4740 v23 aWe provide primer sequences for 14 (GA)microsatellite loci developed from northern red oak, an important timber species. We screened loci using two sets of samples. A parent1 aALDRICH, P.R.1 aMICHLER, C.H.1 aSUN, W.1 aROMERO-SEVERSON, J.  uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/5402478nas a2200169   4500008004100000245008100041210006900122260000900191300001400200490000700214520198500221100001602206700001202222700001602234700001502250856004302265       2002                        eng d00aPhylogeographical variation of chloroplast DNA in holm oak (Quercus ilex L.)0 aPhylogeographical variation of chloroplast DNA in holm oak Querc  c2002  a2327-23360 v113 aVariation in the lengths of restriction fragments (RFLPs) of the wholechloroplast DNA molecule was studied in 174 populations of Quercus ilex L. sampled over the entire distribution of this evergreen and mainly Mediterranean oak species. By using five endonucleases, 323 distinct fragments were obtained. From the 29 and 17 cpDNA changes identified as site and length mutations, respectively, 25 distinct chlorotypes were distinguished, mapped and treated cladistically with a parsimony analysis, using as an outgroup Q. alnifolia Poech, a closely related evergreen oak species endemic to Cyprus where Q. ilex does not grow. The predominant role of Q. ilex as maternal parent in hybridization with other species was reflected by the occurrence of a single very specific lineage of related chlorotypes, the most ancestral and recent ones being located in the southeastern and in the northwestern parts of the species’ geographical distribution, respectively. The lineage was constituted of two clusters of chlorotypes observed in the ’ilex’ morphotyped populations of the Balkan and Italian Peninsulas (including the contiguous French Riviera), respectively. A third cluster was divided into two subclusters identified in the ’rotundifolia’ morphotyped populations of North Africa, and of Iberia and the adjacent French regions, respectively. Postglacial colonization probably started from three distinct southerly refugia located in each of the three European peninsulas, and a contact area between the Italian and the Iberian migration routes was identified in the Rhone valley (France). Chlorotypes identical or related to those of the Iberian cluster were identified in the populations from Catalonia and the French Languedoc region, which showed intermediate morphotypes, and in the French Atlantic populations which possessed the ’ilex’ morphotype, suggesting the occurrence of adaptive morphological changes in the northern part of the species’ distribution.1 aLumaret, R.1 aMir, C.1 aMichaud, H.1 aRaynal, V.  uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/5503254nas a2200493   4500008004100000245012000041210006900161260000900230300001400239490000700253520179700260653002302057653001802080653001802098653002602116653001202142653001902154653002802173653002202201653002202223653002002245653001802265653001302283653001202296653002002308653004402328653005402372653002502426653003802451653002102489653001902510653002002529653001902549653000902568653002002577100001602597700001702613700001802630700001702648700001602665700002302681700001302704856004302717       2002                        eng d00aPollen movement in declining populations of California Valley oak, Quercus lobata: Where have all the fathers gone?0 aPollen movement in declining populations of California Valley oa  c2002  a1657-16680 v113 aThe fragmented populations and reduced population densities that result from human disturbance are issues of growing importance in evolutionary and conservation biology. A key issue is whether remnant individuals become reproductively isolated. California Valley oak (Quercus lobata) is a widely distributed, endemic species in California, increasingly jeopardized by anthropogenic changes in biota and land use. We studied pollen movement in a savannah population of Valley oak at Sedgwick Reserve, Santa Barbara County, to estimate effective number of pollen donors (Nep) and average distance of effective pollen movement (delta). Using TWOGENER, our recently developed hybrid model of paternity and genetic structure treatments that analyses maternal and progeny multilocus genotypes, we found that current Nep = 3.68 individuals. Based on an average adult density of d = 1.19 stems/ha, we assumed a bivariate normal distribution to model current average pollen dispersal distance (delta) and estimated delta = 64.8 m. We then deployed our parameter estimates in spatially explicit models of the Sedgwick population to evaluate the extent to which Nep may have changed, as a consequence of progressive stand thinning between 1944 and 1999. Assuming that pollen dispersal distance has not changed, we estimate Nep was 4.57 individuals in 1944, when stand density was 1.48. Both estimates indicate fewer effective fathers than one might expect for wind-pollinated species and fewer than observed elsewhere. The results presented here provide a basis for further refinements on modelling pollen movement. If the trends continue, then ongoing demographic attrition could further reduce neighbourhood size in Valley oak resulting in increased risk of reproductive failure and genetic isolation.10a[26070-] Fagaceae-10aadult-density10aAngiospermae-10adeclining-populations10aDicots-10aDicotyledones-10aFagaceae-: Angiosperms-10agenetic-isolation10ahuman-disturbance10aNearctic-region10aNorth-America10aPlantae-10aPlants-10apollen-movement10aPopulation-Genetics: Population-Studies10aQuercus-lobata (Fagaceae-): California-Valley-oak10areproductive-failure10aSanta-Barbara-County: California-10aSedgwick-Reserve10aSpermatophyta-10aSpermatophytes-10aTWOGENER-model10aUSA-10aVascular-Plants1 aSork, V.-L.1 aDavis, F.-W.1 aSmouse, P.-E.1 aApsit, V.-J.1 aDyer, R.-J.1 aFernandez-M, J.-F.1 aKuhn, B.  uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/5600432nas a2200133   4500008004100000245009700041210006900138260000900207300001400216490000700230100001300237700000500250856004300255       2006                        eng d00aMoving beyond single-locus studies to characterize hybridization between oaks (Quercus spp.)0 aMoving beyond singlelocus studies to characterize hybridization   c2006  a2301-23040 v151 aMuir, G.1 a  uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/2700495nas a2200145   4500008004100000245012100041210006900162260000900231300001400240490000700254100001400261700001500275700001600290856004300306       2006                        eng d00aShared alleles in sympatric oaks: recurrent gene flow is a more parsimonious explanation than ancestral polymorphism0 aShared alleles in sympatric oaks recurrent gene flow is a more p  c2006  a2007-20120 v151 aLexer, C.1 aKremer, A.1 aPetit, R.J.  uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/2902180nas a2200181   4500008004100000245010200041210006900143260000900212300001200221490000700233520159600240100001601836700001701852700001401869700001601883700001501899856008401914       2005                        eng d00aChloroplast DNA variation of Quercus rubra L. in North America and comparison with other Fagaceae0 aChloroplast DNA variation of Quercus rubra L in North America an  c2005  a513-5240 v143 aAbstract Quercus rubra is one of the most important timber and ornamental tree species from eastern North America. It is a widespread species growing under variable ecological conditions. Chloroplast DNA variation was studied by PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism) in 290 individuals from 66 populations sampled throughout the natural range. A total of 12 haplotypes were detected, with one found in 75% of the trees. Population differentiation is relatively low (GST = 0.46), even when similarities between haplotypes are taken into account (NST = 0.50), pointing to a weak phylogeographical structure. Furthermore, no spatial structure of genetic diversity could be detected. The genetic differentiation increased northwards, reflecting the postglacial history of Q. rubra. The unusual aspect of this study was the low level of chloroplast DNA genetic differentiation in Q. rubra compared to that typically observed in other oak species. Palynological evidence indicates that during the last glacial maximum, Q. rubra had one major distribution range with populations located relatively far to the north, resulting in only modest movement northwards when climate improved, whereas European white oaks were largely restricted to the southern European peninsulas and experienced extensive movements during the postglacial period. The contrasted geographical features and levels of tree species richness of both continents might further explain why congeneric species sharing similar life history traits have genetic structures that are so different.1 aMagni, C.R.1 aDucousso, A.1 aCaron, H.1 aPetit, R.J.1 aKremer, A.  uhttp://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02400.x/abs01343nas a2200145   4500008004100000245015400041210006900195260000900264300001200273490000700285520080300292100001301095700000501108856008401113       2005                        eng d00aEvidence for shared ancestral polymorphism rather than recurrent gene flow at microsatellite loci differentiating two hybridizing oaks (Quercus spp.)0 aEvidence for shared ancestral polymorphism rather than recurrent  c2005  a549-5610 v143 aAbstract Quercus petraea and Quercus robur are two closely related oak species, considered to hybridize. Genetic markers, however, indicate that despite sharing most alleles, the two species remain separate genetic units. Analysis of 20 microsatellite loci in multiple populations from both species suggested a genome-wide differentiation. Thus, the allele sharing between both species could be explained either by low rates of gene flow or shared ancestral variation. We performed further analyses of population differentiation in a biogeographical setting and an admixture analysis in mixed oak stands to distinguish between both hypotheses. Based on our results we propose that the low genetic differentiation among these species results from shared ancestry rather than high rates of gene flow.1 aMuir, G.1 a  uhttp://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02418.x/abs02524nas a2200193   4500008004100000245012000041210006900161260000900230300001400239490000700253520193500260100000502195700001602200700001302216700001902229700001202248700001502260856005502275       2009                        eng d00aElucidating the role of genetic drift and natural selection in cork oak differentiation regarding drought tolerance0 aElucidating the role of genetic drift and natural selection in c  c2009  a3803-38150 v183 aDrought is the main selection agent in Mediterranean ecosystems and it has been suggested as an important evolutionary force responsible for population diversification in these types of environments. However, population divergence in quantitative traits can be driven by either natural selection, genetic drift or both. To investigate the roles of these forces on among-population divergence in ecophysiological traits related to drought tolerance (carbon isotope discrimination, specific leaf area, leaf size and leaf nitrogen content), we compared molecular and quantitative genetic differentiation in a common garden experiment including thirteen cork oak (Quercus suber L.) populations across a gradient of rainfall and temperature. Population differentiation for height, specific leaf area, leaf size and nitrogen leaf content measured during a dry year far exceeded the molecular differentiation measured by six nuclear microsatellites. Populations from dry-cool sites showed the lowest nitrogen leaf content and the smallest and thickest leaves contrasting with those from humid-warm sites. These results suggest (i) these traits are subjected to divergence selection and (ii) the genetic differences among populations are partly due to climate adaptation. By contrast, the low among-population divergence found in basal diameter, annual growth and carbon isotopic discrimination (a surrogate for water use efficiency) suggests low or no divergence selection for these traits. Among-population differentiation for neutral markers was not a good predictor for differentiation regarding the quantitative traits studied here, except for leaf size. The correlation observed between the genetic differentiation for leaf size and that for molecular markers was exclusively due to the association between leaf size and the microsatellite QpZAG46, which suggests a possible linkage between QpZAG46 and genes encoding for leaf size.1 a1 aLORENZO, Z.1 aSOTO, A.1 aVALLADARES, F.1 aGil, L.1 aARANDA, I.  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04317.x01685nas a2200169   4500008004100000245016600041210006900207260000900276300001400285490000700299520108000306100001501386700002701401700001701428700001501445856005501460       2009                        eng d00aRelative contribution of contemporary pollen and seed dispersal to the effective parental size of seedling population of California valley oak (Quercus lobata N)0 aRelative contribution of contemporary pollen and seed dispersal   c2009  a3967-39790 v183 aFor plant populations, gene movement through pollen and seed dispersal governs the size of local genetic neighbourhoods and shapes the opportunities for natural selection and genetic drift. A critical question is how together these two processes influence the evolutionary dynamics of local populations. To assess the respective contributions of pollen and seed flow, we propose a novel indirect assessment of the separate male and female gametic contributions to total effective parental size (Ne), based on parental correlations estimated via kinship coefficients, that can be applied to data sets that include unambiguous genotypes for male and female gametic contributions. Using the endemic Californian valley oak (Quercus lobata) as our study species, we apply this method to a set of microsatellite genotypes for two distinct ecological sets of naturally recruiting seedlings with acorns attached. We found that the effective numbers of contributing male parents (Nep) exceed effective numbers of female parents (Nem) for seedlings established beneath adult trees (Nep1 aGRIVET, D.1 aRobledo-Arnuncio, J.J.1 aSmouse, P.E.1 aSork, V.L.  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04326.x02338nas a2200217   4500008004100000245007000041210006900111260000900180300001400189490000700203520173100210653001201941100001501953700001601968700001701984700001802001700001602019700001502035700001502050856005502065       2009                        eng d00aSpecies relative abundance and direction of introgression in oaks0 aSpecies relative abundance and direction of introgression in oak  c2009  a2228-22420 v183 aSuccessful hybridisation and subsequent introgression lead to the transfer of genetic material across species boundaries. In this process, species relative abundance can play a significant role. If one species is less abundant than the other, its females will receive many heterospecific gametes, increasing mate-recognition errors and thus hybridisation rate. Moreover, first-generation hybrids will also more likely mate with the more abundant species, leading to asymmetric introgression. These predictions have important fundamental consequences, especially during biological invasions or when a rare species threatened by extinction is surrounded by individuals from a related species. However, experimental tests in nature of the importance of the relative abundance of each species on hybridisation dynamics remain scarce. We assess here the impact of species relative abundance on hybridisation dynamics among four species from the European white oak species complex. A total of 2107 oak trees were genotyped at 10 microsatellite markers and Bayesian clustering methods were used to identify reference trees of each species. We then used these reference trees to simulate purebred and hybrid genotypes to determine optimal threshold for genetic assignment. With this approach, we found widespread evidence of hybridisation between all studied oak species, with high occurrence of hybrids, varying from 11% to 31% according to stand and sampling strategies. This finding suggests that hybridisation is a common phenomenon that plays a significant role in evolution of this oak species complex. In addition, we demonstrate a strong impact of species abundance on both hybridisation rate and introgression directionality.10aQuercus1 aLepais, O.1 aPetit, R.J.1 aGuichoux, E.1 aLavabre, J.E.1 aAlberto, F.1 aKremer, A.1 aGerber, S.  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04137.x02393nas a2200169   4500008004100000245008500041210006900126260000900195300001200204490000700216520185700223100001502080700001502095700001902110700001602129856007802145       2008                        eng d00aConserving the evolutionary potential of California valley oak (Quercus lobata N0 aConserving the evolutionary potential of California valley oak Q  c2008  a139-1560 v173 aAbstract California valley oak (Quercus lobata Nee) is a seriously threatened endemic oak species in California and a keystone species for foothill oak ecosystems. Urban and agricultural development affects a significant fraction of the species’ range and predicted climate change is likely to dislocate many current populations. Here, we explore spatial patterns of multivariate genotypes and genetic diversity throughout the range of valley oak to determine whether ongoing and future patterns of habitat loss could threaten the evolutionary potential of the species by eradicating populations of distinctive genetic composition. This manuscript will address three specific questions: (i) What is the spatial genetic structure of the chloroplast and nuclear genetic markers? (ii) What are the geographical trends in the distribution of chloroplast and nuclear genotypes? (iii) Is there any part of the species’ range where allelic diversity in either the chloroplast or nuclear genomes is particularly high? We analysed six chloroplast and seven nuclear microsatellite genetic markers of individuals widespread across the valley oak range. We then used a multivariate approach correlating genetic markers and geographical variables through a canonical trend surface analysis, followed by GIS mapping of the significant axes. We visualized population allelic richness spatially with GIS tools to identify regions of high diversity. Our findings, based on the distribution of multivariate genotypes and allelic richness, identify areas with distinctive histories and genetic composition that should be given priority in reserve network design, especially because these areas also overlap with landscape change and little degree of protection. Thus, without a careful preservation plan, valuable evolutionary information will be lost for valley oak.1 aGRIVET, D.1 aSork, V.L.1 aWESTFALL, R.D.1 aDavis, F.W.  uhttp://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03498.x02296nas a2200217   4500008004100000245012900041210006900170260000900239300001400248490000700262520159000269100001401859700001701873700001801890700001801908700001901926700001701945700001801962700002001980856007802000       2007                        eng d00aThe distribution of Quercus suber chloroplast haplotypes matches the palaeogeographical history of the western Mediterranean0 adistribution of Quercus suber chloroplast haplotypes matches the  c2007  a5259-52660 v163 aAbstract Combining molecular analyses with geological and palaeontological data may reveal timing and modes for the divergence of lineages within species. The Mediterranean Basin is particularly appropriate for this kind of multidisciplinary studies, because of its complex geological history and biological diversity. Here, we investigated chloroplast DNA of Quercus suber populations in order to detect possible relationships between their geographical distribution and the palaeogeographical history of the western Mediterranean domain. We analysed 110 cork oak populations, covering the whole distribution range of the species, by 14 chloroplast microsatellite markers, among which eight displayed variation among populations. We identified five haplotypes whose distribution is clearly geographically structured. Results demonstrated that cork oak populations have undergone a genetic drift geographically consistent with the Oligocene and Miocene break-up events of the European-Iberian continental margin and suggested that they have persisted in a number of separate microplates, currently found in Tunisia, Sardinia, Corsica, and Provence, without detectable chloroplast DNA modifications for a time span of over 15 million years. A similar distribution pattern of mitochondrial DNA of Pinus pinaster supports the hypothesis of such long-term persistence, in spite of Quaternary climate oscillations and of isolation due to insularity, and suggests that part of the modern geographical structure of Mediterranean populations may be traced back to the Tertiary history of taxa.1 aMAGRI, D.1 aFINESCHI, S.1 aBELLAROSA, R.1 aBUONAMICI, A.1 aSEBASTIANI, F.1 aSCHIRONE, B.1 aSIMEONE, M.C.1 aVendramin, G.G.  uhttp://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03587.x