02645nas a2200157   4500008004100000245010300041210006900144260001700213300001200230490000700242520213000249100002702379700002202406700001502428856004402443       2013                        eng d00aNew Approaches to the Biogeography and Areas of Endemism of Red Oaks (Quercus L., Section Lobatae)0 aNew Approaches to the Biogeography and Areas of Endemism of Red   cJuly 1, 2013  a555-5730 v623 aAn area of endemism is defined by the spatial congruence among two or more species with distributions that are limited by barriers. In this study, we explored and discussed the use of the network analysis method (NAM) and neighbor-joining (NJ) to analyze the areas of endemism of Quercus sect. Lobatae (red oak species) in Mexico and Central America. We compared the NAM and NJ with other methods commonly used in biogeographic studies to show the advantages of these new approaches and to identify the shortcomings of other approaches. The NAM used in this study is based on notions of centrality measures, such as betweenness. We incorporated the strength of the ties within the internal networks through p-cores and aggregate constraints in iterative analyses. The NAM based on betweenness is ideal for recognizing completely allopatric areas of endemism. The iterative NAMs increase the number of possible areas of endemism because they minimize the effect of minimal overlap, and the p-core is efficient at identifying the closest relationships among species in the cases in which betweenness is not informative. The number of areas of endemism increases when the sympatry matrix minimizes the dispersal effect and the sample effort is maximized, allowing the identification of the greatest number of these areas. The NJ method supports the idea that areas diverge among themselves in a differential way; the long branches correspond to zones with high speciation rates and complex histories (biotic and tectonic), and the short branches correspond to zones with low speciation rates and simple histories. In a classification scheme, NJ was capable of identifying the areas that are considered biotically complex because of their high speciation rates. The results obtained with the NAM and NJ showed that the physiographic regions of Mexico are not natural units and that many of them are composed of at least two different biotic components. [Areas of endemism; biogeographic patterns; Mexico and Central America; neighbor-joining; net-like methods; network analysis; Quercus; reticulate evolution; tree-like methods.]1 aTorres-Miranda, Andres1 aLuna-Vega, Isolda1 aOyama, Ken  uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/15802475nas a2200157   4500008004100000245011300041210006900154260002100223300001200244490000700256520194600263100002702209700002202236700001502258856004402273       2011                        eng d00aConservation biogeography of red oaks (<i>Quercus</i>, section <i>Lobatae</i>) in Mexico and Central America0 aConservation biogeography of red oaks iQuercusi section iLobatae  cFebruary 1, 2011  a290-3050 v983 a* Premise of the study: Oaks are dominant trees and key species in many temperate and subtropical forests in the world. In this study, we analyzed patterns of distribution of red oaks (Quercus, section Lobatae) occurring in Mexico and Central America to determine areas of species richness and endemism to propose areas of conservation. * Methods: Patterns of richness and endemism of 75 red oak species were analyzed using three different units. Two complementarity algorithms based on species richness and three algorithms based on species rarity were used to identify important areas for conservation. A simulated annealing analysis was performed to evaluate and formulate effective new reserves for red oaks that are useful for conserving the ecosystems associated with them after the systematic conservation planning approach. * Key results: Two main centers of species richness were detected. The northern Sierra Madre Oriental and Serranias Meridionales of Jalisco had the highest values of endemism. Fourteen areas were considered as priorities for conservation of red oak species based on the 26 priority political entities, 11 floristic units and the priority grid-cells obtained in the complementarity analysis. In the present network of Natural Protected Areas in Mexico and Central America, only 41.3% (31 species) of the red oak species are protected. The simulated annealing analysis indicated that to protect all 75 species of red oaks, 12 current natural protected areas need to be expanded by 120000 ha of additional land, and 26 new natural protected areas with 512500 ha need to be created. * Conclusions: Red oaks are a useful model to identify areas for conservation based on species richness and endemism as a result of their wide geographic distribution and a high number of species. We evaluated and reformulated new reserves for red oaks that are also useful for the conservation of ecosystems associated with them.1 aTorres-Miranda, Andres1 aLuna-Vega, Isolda1 aOyama, Ken  uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/139