02706nas a2200193   4500008004100000245016400041210006900205260000900274300001200283490000700295520202100302653002602323653005202349653001902401653001802420100001402438700001602452856004402468       1998                        eng d00aAllozyme variation in cork oak (Quercus suber L.): the role of phylogeography and genetic introgression by other Mediterranean oak species and human activities0 aAllozyme variation in cork oak Quercus suber L the role of phylo  c1998  a647-6560 v973 aGenetic variation in the cork oak (Quercus suber L.) was investigated using 11 loci from seven enzyme systems in 40 populations sampled over the entire distribution of this species in the western Mediterranean Basin. Mean heterozygosity values over the polymorphic loci (Ho=0.283), the percentage of polymorphic populations (M=0.76), and the total genetic diversity (Ht=0.31) from which 11% was accounted for among-population variation, are among the highest recorded in oak species. In contrast to previous results in holm oak (Q. ilex L.), another evergreen species in the same area, cork oak possessed a smaller allele pool and a lower average number of alleles per locus and per population (A=2.0). More particularly, very few low-frequency alleles were observed in cork oak except for eight populations in which allozyme polymorphism at locus Pgi 1, diagnostic between both species, indicates that these low-frequency alleles are introgressed from holm oak. On the basis of the genetic distance estimated from allozyme frequencies, 32 of the 40 cork oak populations studied were classified into two very distinct sets which also corresponded to distinct geographic areas. One set gathered together the 18 populations from the Iberian peninsula and two adjacent areas in France, i.e. the centre of origin of cork oak, according to paleobotanical data. This set was characterized by a larger allele pool, a higher within-population genetic diversity and a lower differentiation between populations than was observed in the other set, which comprised the populations from North Africa, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, continental Italy and the region of Provence (southeastern France). In these more southern and eastern disjunct areas, cork oak migration from Iberia may have occurred at different periods since the end of the Tertiary. The possible effect of human activity on cork oak genetic structure, i.e. the selection of good-quality cork, acorn over-use for animal food, and even human nutrition, is discussed.10aAllozyme polymorphism10aHuman activity and population genetic structure10aphylogeography10aQuercus suber1 aToumi, L.1 aLumaret, R.  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122005094100800nas a2200265   4500008004100000245014400041210006900185260000900254300001600263490000700279100001900286700001600305700001400321700001600335700001400351700001600365700001600381700001600397700002100413700001300434700001400447700001500461700001500476856004300491       1998                        eng d00aA genetic linkage map of Quercus robur L. (pedunculate oak) based on RAPD, SCAR, microsatellite, minisatellite, isozyme and 5S rDNA markers0 agenetic linkage map of Quercus robur L pedunculate oak based on   c1998  a1090 - 11030 v971 aBarreneche, T.1 aBodenes, C.1 aLexer, C.1 aTrontin, J.1 aFluch, S.1 aStreiff, R.1 aPlomion, C.1 aRoussel, G.1 aSteinkellner, H.1 aBurg, K.1 aFavre, J.1 aGlossl, J.1 aKremer, A.  uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/6500471nas a2200145   4500008004100000245010000041210006900141260000900210300001200219490000700231100001400238700001700252700001300269856004300282       1995                        eng d00aCharacterization of highly variable (GA/CT)n microsatellites in the bur oak, Quercus macrocarpa0 aCharacterization of highly variable GACTn microsatellites in the  c1995  a137-1410 v911 aDow, B.D.1 aAshley, M.V.1 aHowe, H.  uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/7400469nas a2200145   4500008004100000245010000041210006900141260000900210300001400219490000700233100001200240700001500252700001300267856004300280       1995                        eng d00aCharacterization of highly variable (GA/CT)n microsatellites in the bur oak, Quercus macrocarpa0 aCharacterization of highly variable GACTn microsatellites in the  c1995  a137 - 1410 v911 aDow, B.1 aAshley, M.1 aHowe, H.  uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/7502716nas a2200145   4500008004100000245011000041210006900151260000900220300001200229490000800241520224700249100001502496700001602511856004302527       2003                        eng d00aMolecular differentiation and diversity among the California red oaks (Fagaceae; Quercus section Lobatae)0 aMolecular differentiation and diversity among the California red  c2003  a884-8920 v1073 aA recent epidemic of Phytopthora (Sudden Oak Death) in coastal woodlands ofCalifornia is causing severe mortality in some oak species belonging to the red oak (Lobatae) group. To predict the risks of spread of this disease, an understanding of the relationships among California’s red oak species and of their population genetic structure is needed. We focus here on relationships among the four species of red oak. Whereas morphological distinction of Quercus wislizeni and Quercus parvula can pose problems, Quercus kelloggii and Quercus agrifolia in pure forms are easily distinguishable from one another and from Q. wislizeni and Q. parvula in the field. However, hybrids among all species combinations are known to occur in nature and these can confound data from ecological studies. Our results revealed greatest differentiation of the deciduous Q. kelloggii, with only weak AFLP fragment differentiation of the three remaining evergreen species. The molecular data suggest a closer affinity of Q. agrifolia with Q. wislizeni and Q. parvula contrary to earlier suggestions that its origins are likely to have been with northern deciduous oaks probably through a common ancestor with Q. kelloggii. Interior and coastal populations of Q. wislizeni separated in dendrograms based on phenetic and genetic distances suggesting probable isolation in different glacial refugia. The position of Q. parvula remains ambiguous, having a closer affinity with interior populations of Q. wislizeni and with Q. agrifolia, than with coastal populations of Q. wislizeni. Mean population differentiation in Q. wislizeni was 0.18, which is somewhat higher than the average for other oak species, suggesting that range fragmentation has occurred in the past, resulting in a metapopulation structure. Our results provide evidence that introgression among these species may be causing reticulation, further confounding species separation. Whereas Phytopthora has been reported on Q. agrifolia, Q. parvula and Q. kelloggii, it has not yet been detected in natural populations of Q. wislizeni. The species relationships that our molecular data show suggest that this is more likely a result of escape due to ecological tolerances than to genetic differences.1 aDodd, R.S.1 aKashani, N.  uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/44