@article {53,
	title = {Hills oak (Quercus ellipsoidalis) in southern Ontario, Canada},
	journal = {Canadian Field-Naturalist},
	volume = {95},
	year = {1981},
	note = {198273029824Early reports, botanical history of the species in Canada1st report of Q. ellipsoidalis from Canada (Mitchell, 1912, Pt. Edward, Sarnia, Lambton Co, Ontario) could not be verified {\textendash} colllections were as easily assignable to either Q. velutina or Q. ellipsoidalis (DAO collection) or obviously Q. velutina, but apparently not from the original tree (Dodge and Tripp, 1959, MICH). Ball noted a 1957 collection by Tamalu from just W of Galt, first det by Tamsalu as Q. coccinea, then redet as Q. velutina (notes that Fox and Soper 1954 concluded "Q. coccinea" of Southern Ontario should all be refered to other species, primarily Q. palustris and Q. velutina). 1978 fieldwork uncovered similar trees throughout N. Dumfries Twp in Regional Municipality of Waterloo, and in Brant Co, northern part of S. Dumfries Twp. Hill{\textquoteright}s oak distinctness and identity Ball summarizes Jensen 1977 publications demonstrating that Q. rubra, Q. palustris, Q. shumardii, Q. nuttallii, Q. coccinea, Q. ellipsoidalis, and Q. velutina "are all reasonably distinct species." The first four spp were distinct from the Waterloo, Brant specimens, but the latter three "cannot be so readily distinguished." "Quercus ellipsoidalis has no unique characters, but it can be readily identified by a combination of characters, particularly the slender petiole; small, glabrous or sparsely pubescent terminal buds; and the small, turbinate, unfringed acorn cup." NOTE: Ontario Q. ellipsoidalis is reported as being sparsely pubescent all over on the inner face of hte acorn cap; Jensen says it is altogether glabrous. Ecology Almost all stations are in old fencerows or hedgerows, sometimes in forest edges, never in forest interior. Some close to ponds or small lakes. Soil almost always has high sand content {\textendash} trees often growing with prairie plants such as Andropogon gerardii, Schizachyrium scoparium, Sorghastrum nutans, Lespedeza capitata. at the time of settlement, Dumfries Twp was mostly dry grassland with open-grown oaks and frequent fire.},
	month = {1981},
	pages = {281-286},
	abstract = {Hills oak (Q. ellipsoidalis) is reported from several localities in southern Ontario near Galt and Brantford. This represents an eastward extension of the range of the species of > 200 km. In most localities in this area the trees occur in fence rows and hedgerows, and with the increasing urbanization and road widening that is occurring, many are in jeopardy. The distinction between Q. ellipsoidalis, Q. coccinea (scarlet oak) and Q. velutina (black oak) was made from leaf, bud and acorn characteristics.},
	keywords = {[26070-] Fagaceae-, Angiospermae-, Biogeography-: Population-Studies, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, Ecology-: Environmental-Sciences, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, Morphology-, Plantae-, Plants-, QUERCUS-COCCINEA-QUERCUS-VELUTINA-MORPHOLOGY-RANGE-EXTENSION-HABITAT, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, Systematics-and-Taxonomy, Vascular-Plants},
	author = {Ball, P.W.}
}
@article {118,
	title = {A preliminary numerical analysis of the red oak complex in Michigan and Wisconsin USA},
	journal = {Taxon},
	volume = {26},
	year = {1977},
	note = {197865044113Taxa studied: Q. palustris {\textendash} 2 individuals, MI Q. coccinea {\textendash} 4 individuals, OH Q. velutina {\textendash} 4 ind{\textquoteright}ls, MI, WI, IA Q. ellipsoidalis {\textendash} 5 individuals, MI, WI IL (the latter being the syntype from Miami OH herbarium) Q. rubra {\textendash} 7 ind{\textquoteright}ls, MI, WI Putative hybrids: 18 (5 WI, 13 MI) Methods 20 morphological characters chosen based on their utitlity for distinguishing taxa 2nd dataset of 18 ratios derived from the above 1. Datasets used to produce a cha4racter-by-character correlation matrix, subject to PCA. OTUs then projected onto principal components. 2. Directed minimum spanning graph superimposed over points. Results 1. Q. rubra and Q. coccinea form the most distinct clusters 2. Q. palustris (2 OTUs) forms a tight cluster, but oddly, the nearest neighbor of each is a Q. rubra (in the raw dataset) 3. Hybrids in the raw dataset are centrally located among the species clusters, mostly closest to Q. ellipsoidalis, Q. velutina, and Q. palustris. In the transformed data, all putative hybrids fall between the Q. ellipsoidalis and Q. velutina clusters.},
	month = {1977},
	pages = {399-407},
	abstract = {Individuals representing 5 taxa [Quercus coccinea, Q. ellipsoidalis, Q. palustris, Q. rubra and Q. velutina] and numerous unidentified OTU [operational taxonomic unit] of red oaks native to the western Great Lakes region of the USA were examined through principal components analysis. Two data sets, 1 consisting of 20 untransformed characters and 1 in which various characters were redefined as ratios, were employed for comparative analysis. Although minor differences are noted, the 2 data sets provide essentially the same view of the relationships between the included OTU. The 5 taxa appear to form more or less discrete groups with the unidentified OTU occupying positions of intermediacy. The results support previous conclusions that extensive hybridization occurs among the red oaks of this geographic region.},
	keywords = {-HYBRIDIZATION, -QUERCUS-VELUTINA-OPERATIONAL-TAXONOMIC-UNIT-PRINCIPAL-COMPONENTS-ANALYSIS, -Taxonomy, [26070-] Fagaceae-, Angiospermae-, Biogeography-: Population-Studies, Computational-Biology, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, Genetics-, Mathematical-Biology:, Plantae-, Plants-, Population-Genetics: Population-Studies, QUERCUS-COCCINEA-QUERCUS-ELLIPSOIDALIS-QUERCUS-PALUSTRIS-QUERCUS-RUBRA, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, Systematics-and, Vascular-Plants},
	author = {Jensen, R.J.}
}
@article {45,
	title = {Gene flow and fine-scale genetic structure in a wind-pollinated tree species Quercus lobata (Fagaceaee)},
	journal = {American Journal of Botany},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2005},
	note = {200500182047ArticleEnglish},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {252-261},
	abstract = {California Valley oak (Quercus lobata), one of the state{\textquoteright}s most distinctive oak species, has experienced serious demographic attrition since the 19th century, due to human activities. Recent estimates of pollen dispersal suggest a small reproductive neighborhood. Whether small neighborhood size is a recent phenomenon, a consequence of reduced gene flow caused by demographic changes, or whether it has been historically restricted, remains unclear. To examine this question, we have characterized the spatial genetic structure of N = 191 Q. lobata individuals, spread over an area of 230 ha, using eight microsatellite loci. The observed autocorrelogram suggests an historical standard deviation of gene flow distance of about 350 m per generation, higher than contemporary pollen dispersal estimates. To determine whether our estimates were affected by strong prevailing winds from the west-northwest, we developed and utilized a novel anisotropic autocorrelation analysis. We detected no more than a hint of anisotropy, and we concluded that adult spatial structure is indicative of strong historical signature of "isolation by distance." This historical estimate provides a useful reference value against which to gauge the future gene flow consequences of ongoing anthropogenic disturbance.},
	keywords = {-Molecular-Biophysics, [26070-] Fagaceae-, Angiospermae-, anisotropy-, Biogeography-: Population-Studies, California-: USA-, demographic-attrition, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, gene-flow, microsatellite-loci, Molecular-Genetics: Biochemistry-and, Nearctic-region, North-America, Plantae-, Plants-, pollen-: reproductive-system, Quercus-lobata (Fagaceae-): species-, Reproductive-System: Reproduction-, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, Vascular-Plants, wind-pollination},
	author = {Dutech, C. and Sork, V.L. and Irwin, A.J. and Smouse, P.E. and Davis, F.W.}
}
