@article {120,
	title = {Gene diversity in natural populations of oak species},
	journal = {Annals of Forest Science},
	volume = {50},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {186s-202s},
	abstract = {This contribution reviews studies of nuclear and organelle gene diversity in oak species. Studies of allozymes were reported for 33 species belonging to the sections Erythrobalanus, Lepidobalanus and Mesobalanus of the genus Quercus. The extent and organization of gene diversity were investigated at 3 hierarchical levels: complex, species and population. Total diversity at the species and population level varies greatly among species (from 0.06 to 0.40). The range of variation among species is as large as that observed in other plant genera. Life history characteristics and evolutionary history are the main explanations for these results. Species with large and continuous distributions such as Q petraea and Q rubra exhibit high levels of gene diversity. Within a complex, most of the nuclear gene diversity is distributed within populations (74\%). The remaining diversity is mainly due to species differentiation (23\%), while the between-population component is low (3\%). Organelle gene diversity has been investigated recently in 2 species complexes in the section Lepidobalanus (one in North America and one in Europe). Compared to nuclear genes, organelle gene diversity is strikingly different. Contributions of within-stand variation, species differentiation and population differentiation to total diversity, are respectively 13\%, 11 \% and 76\%. Trees of a given population generally share the same chloroplast genome. Moreover, trees of different species (with reported introgression) occupying the same stand exhibit a high degree of similarity.},
	author = {Petit, R.J.}
}
@article {94,
	title = {A set of primers for the amplification of chloroplast microsatellites in Quercus},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology Notes},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {24-27},
	abstract = {The increase in demand for the certification of oak seed lots, as well as control of the geographicalorigin of oak wood, has led us to develop powerful genetic markers permitting us to discriminate among provenance regions. With the aim of detecting new chloroplast variants, we have identified 17 potential cpSSRs motifs from available oak sequences and tested their variability among French oak populations. Six loci were polymorphic at the intraspecific level in Quercus petraea and Q. robur. Moreover, conservation of the primer pairs was checked on a set of 21 forest tree species and they were all shown to work well on several Quercus species, and even within Fagacaea.},
	author = {DEGUILLOUX, M.-F. and DUMOLIN-LAP and GIELLY, L. and GRIVET, D. and Petit, R.J.}
}
@article {116,
	title = {Chloroplast DNA variation of white oaks in the northern Balkans and in the Carpathian Basin},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	volume = {156},
	year = {2002},
	note = {doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00643-0},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {197 - 209},
	abstract = {A total of 1113 oak trees from 222 populations originating from eight countries (Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Yugoslavia) were sampled in natural populations or in provenance tests. The sampled trees belong to four different species (Quercus robur, Quercus petraea, Quercus pubescens, Quercus frainetto) and to several putative subspecies. Variation at four chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) fragments was studied using restriction enzymes, resulting in the detection of 12 haplotypes. One haplotype was present in 36\% of the trees, and six were found in 6},
	keywords = {PCR, Postglacial recolonisation, Quercus spp., Refugia, Species distribution},
	author = {Bord and Popescu, F. and Slade, D. and Csaikl, U.M. and Lesur, I. and Borovics, A. and K and K and G and Brewer, S. and Burg, K. and Petit, R.J.}
}
@article {135,
	title = {Shared alleles in sympatric oaks: recurrent gene flow is a more parsimonious explanation than ancestral polymorphism},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {2007-2012},
	author = {Lexer, C. and Kremer, A. and Petit, R.J.}
}
@article {38,
	title = {Chloroplast DNA variation of Quercus rubra L. in North America and comparison with other Fagaceae},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {513-524},
	abstract = {Abstract Quercus rubra is one of the most important timber and ornamental tree species from eastern North America. It is a widespread species growing under variable ecological conditions. Chloroplast DNA variation was studied by PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism) in 290 individuals from 66 populations sampled throughout the natural range. A total of 12 haplotypes were detected, with one found in 75\% of the trees. Population differentiation is relatively low (GST = 0.46), even when similarities between haplotypes are taken into account (NST = 0.50), pointing to a weak phylogeographical structure. Furthermore, no spatial structure of genetic diversity could be detected. The genetic differentiation increased northwards, reflecting the postglacial history of Q. rubra. The unusual aspect of this study was the low level of chloroplast DNA genetic differentiation in Q. rubra compared to that typically observed in other oak species. Palynological evidence indicates that during the last glacial maximum, Q. rubra had one major distribution range with populations located relatively far to the north, resulting in only modest movement northwards when climate improved, whereas European white oaks were largely restricted to the southern European peninsulas and experienced extensive movements during the postglacial period. The contrasted geographical features and levels of tree species richness of both continents might further explain why congeneric species sharing similar life history traits have genetic structures that are so different.},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02400.x/abs},
	author = {Magni, C.R. and Ducousso, A. and Caron, H. and Petit, R.J. and Kremer, A.}
}
@article {117,
	title = {Species relative abundance and direction of introgression in oaks},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009},
	pages = {2228-2242},
	abstract = {Successful hybridisation and subsequent introgression lead to the transfer of genetic material across species boundaries. In this process, species relative abundance can play a significant role. If one species is less abundant than the other, its females will receive many heterospecific gametes, increasing mate-recognition errors and thus hybridisation rate. Moreover, first-generation hybrids will also more likely mate with the more abundant species, leading to asymmetric introgression. These predictions have important fundamental consequences, especially during biological invasions or when a rare species threatened by extinction is surrounded by individuals from a related species. However, experimental tests in nature of the importance of the relative abundance of each species on hybridisation dynamics remain scarce. We assess here the impact of species relative abundance on hybridisation dynamics among four species from the European white oak species complex. A total of 2107 oak trees were genotyped at 10 microsatellite markers and Bayesian clustering methods were used to identify reference trees of each species. We then used these reference trees to simulate purebred and hybrid genotypes to determine optimal threshold for genetic assignment. With this approach, we found widespread evidence of hybridisation between all studied oak species, with high occurrence of hybrids, varying from 11\% to 31\% according to stand and sampling strategies. This finding suggests that hybridisation is a common phenomenon that plays a significant role in evolution of this oak species complex. In addition, we demonstrate a strong impact of species abundance on both hybridisation rate and introgression directionality.},
	keywords = {Quercus},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04137.x},
	author = {Lepais, O. and Petit, R.J. and Guichoux, E. and Lavabre, J.E. and Alberto, F. and Kremer, A. and Gerber, S.}
}
