@article {53,
	title = {Hills oak (Quercus ellipsoidalis) in southern Ontario, Canada},
	journal = {Canadian Field-Naturalist},
	volume = {95},
	year = {1981},
	note = {198273029824Early reports, botanical history of the species in Canada1st report of Q. ellipsoidalis from Canada (Mitchell, 1912, Pt. Edward, Sarnia, Lambton Co, Ontario) could not be verified {\textendash} colllections were as easily assignable to either Q. velutina or Q. ellipsoidalis (DAO collection) or obviously Q. velutina, but apparently not from the original tree (Dodge and Tripp, 1959, MICH). Ball noted a 1957 collection by Tamalu from just W of Galt, first det by Tamsalu as Q. coccinea, then redet as Q. velutina (notes that Fox and Soper 1954 concluded "Q. coccinea" of Southern Ontario should all be refered to other species, primarily Q. palustris and Q. velutina). 1978 fieldwork uncovered similar trees throughout N. Dumfries Twp in Regional Municipality of Waterloo, and in Brant Co, northern part of S. Dumfries Twp. Hill{\textquoteright}s oak distinctness and identity Ball summarizes Jensen 1977 publications demonstrating that Q. rubra, Q. palustris, Q. shumardii, Q. nuttallii, Q. coccinea, Q. ellipsoidalis, and Q. velutina "are all reasonably distinct species." The first four spp were distinct from the Waterloo, Brant specimens, but the latter three "cannot be so readily distinguished." "Quercus ellipsoidalis has no unique characters, but it can be readily identified by a combination of characters, particularly the slender petiole; small, glabrous or sparsely pubescent terminal buds; and the small, turbinate, unfringed acorn cup." NOTE: Ontario Q. ellipsoidalis is reported as being sparsely pubescent all over on the inner face of hte acorn cap; Jensen says it is altogether glabrous. Ecology Almost all stations are in old fencerows or hedgerows, sometimes in forest edges, never in forest interior. Some close to ponds or small lakes. Soil almost always has high sand content {\textendash} trees often growing with prairie plants such as Andropogon gerardii, Schizachyrium scoparium, Sorghastrum nutans, Lespedeza capitata. at the time of settlement, Dumfries Twp was mostly dry grassland with open-grown oaks and frequent fire.},
	month = {1981},
	pages = {281-286},
	abstract = {Hills oak (Q. ellipsoidalis) is reported from several localities in southern Ontario near Galt and Brantford. This represents an eastward extension of the range of the species of > 200 km. In most localities in this area the trees occur in fence rows and hedgerows, and with the increasing urbanization and road widening that is occurring, many are in jeopardy. The distinction between Q. ellipsoidalis, Q. coccinea (scarlet oak) and Q. velutina (black oak) was made from leaf, bud and acorn characteristics.},
	keywords = {[26070-] Fagaceae-, Angiospermae-, Biogeography-: Population-Studies, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, Ecology-: Environmental-Sciences, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, Morphology-, Plantae-, Plants-, QUERCUS-COCCINEA-QUERCUS-VELUTINA-MORPHOLOGY-RANGE-EXTENSION-HABITAT, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, Systematics-and-Taxonomy, Vascular-Plants},
	author = {Ball, P.W.}
}
@article {118,
	title = {A preliminary numerical analysis of the red oak complex in Michigan and Wisconsin USA},
	journal = {Taxon},
	volume = {26},
	year = {1977},
	note = {197865044113Taxa studied: Q. palustris {\textendash} 2 individuals, MI Q. coccinea {\textendash} 4 individuals, OH Q. velutina {\textendash} 4 ind{\textquoteright}ls, MI, WI, IA Q. ellipsoidalis {\textendash} 5 individuals, MI, WI IL (the latter being the syntype from Miami OH herbarium) Q. rubra {\textendash} 7 ind{\textquoteright}ls, MI, WI Putative hybrids: 18 (5 WI, 13 MI) Methods 20 morphological characters chosen based on their utitlity for distinguishing taxa 2nd dataset of 18 ratios derived from the above 1. Datasets used to produce a cha4racter-by-character correlation matrix, subject to PCA. OTUs then projected onto principal components. 2. Directed minimum spanning graph superimposed over points. Results 1. Q. rubra and Q. coccinea form the most distinct clusters 2. Q. palustris (2 OTUs) forms a tight cluster, but oddly, the nearest neighbor of each is a Q. rubra (in the raw dataset) 3. Hybrids in the raw dataset are centrally located among the species clusters, mostly closest to Q. ellipsoidalis, Q. velutina, and Q. palustris. In the transformed data, all putative hybrids fall between the Q. ellipsoidalis and Q. velutina clusters.},
	month = {1977},
	pages = {399-407},
	abstract = {Individuals representing 5 taxa [Quercus coccinea, Q. ellipsoidalis, Q. palustris, Q. rubra and Q. velutina] and numerous unidentified OTU [operational taxonomic unit] of red oaks native to the western Great Lakes region of the USA were examined through principal components analysis. Two data sets, 1 consisting of 20 untransformed characters and 1 in which various characters were redefined as ratios, were employed for comparative analysis. Although minor differences are noted, the 2 data sets provide essentially the same view of the relationships between the included OTU. The 5 taxa appear to form more or less discrete groups with the unidentified OTU occupying positions of intermediacy. The results support previous conclusions that extensive hybridization occurs among the red oaks of this geographic region.},
	keywords = {-HYBRIDIZATION, -QUERCUS-VELUTINA-OPERATIONAL-TAXONOMIC-UNIT-PRINCIPAL-COMPONENTS-ANALYSIS, -Taxonomy, [26070-] Fagaceae-, Angiospermae-, Biogeography-: Population-Studies, Computational-Biology, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, Genetics-, Mathematical-Biology:, Plantae-, Plants-, Population-Genetics: Population-Studies, QUERCUS-COCCINEA-QUERCUS-ELLIPSOIDALIS-QUERCUS-PALUSTRIS-QUERCUS-RUBRA, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, Systematics-and, Vascular-Plants},
	author = {Jensen, R.J.}
}
@article {51,
	title = {Isozyme variation in oaks of the Apostle Islands in Wisconsin: Genetic structure and levels of inbreeding in Quercus rubra and Q. ellipsoidalis (Fagaceae)},
	journal = {American Journal of Botany},
	volume = {80},
	year = {1993},
	note = {199497074468Findings1. No species specific alleles were found 2. Allozyme variation was high, despite small geographic scale 3. Heterozygosity was lower than HW equilibrium. [My question: could this be b/c they were analyzing two spp together? this would produce inflated Het(expected)] 4. Nm for adults = 5.70, low for outcrossing, wind-pollinated, widespread spp 5. Acorn homozygosity ~ 2X adult homozygosity 6. HOWEVER, very low Fst and high genetic similarities suggest high gene flow 7. Likewise, morphological data suggest a genetic cline between mainland and islands This apparent contradiction {\textendash} low heterozygosity suggesting little gene flow; but high genetic identities, low Fst, and morphological intergradation {\textendash} may be a consequence of logging history. "Bottleneck" reproduction may account for lower heterozygosity in all populations.},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {1349-1357},
	abstract = {Isozyme variability was examined in populations representing the red oak complex (Quercus subg. Erythrobalanus) on an island archipelago and adjoining peninsula in Lake Superior, near Bayfield, Wisconsin. A concomitant study of morphometric variation described in the companion manuscript, revealed a continuum in leaf morphology extending from an interior mainland site to the outermost island. The existence of this clinal variation presented an ideal opportunity to examine the genetic structure of a hybrid population along with the putative progenitor species. Dormant leaf bud samples were collected from specimens of Quercus rubra L., Q. ellipsoidalis Hill, and their putative hybrids from three islands and two locations on the peninsula. Acorns were collected from some of these same trees from one peninsula location and two islands. Twelve putative enzyme loci from six enzyme systems were analyzed. Allele frequency data indicated little differentiation between populations. Mean F-ST values for the adult trees and acorns were 0.042 and 0.020. Genetic identities according to Nei ranged from 0.958 to 0.999. Despite these high levels of genetic similarity, the populations appeared to be highly inbred as indicated by positive mean F-IT values of 0.183 and 0.373 for the adult trees and acorns. Estimates of migration rate per generation (Nm) for the adult trees was 5.70, a value that is low when compared to estimates for other plant species with similar life history characteristics.},
	keywords = {-Biophysics, [26070-] Fagaceae-, ALLELE-FREQUENCY, Angiospermae-, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, Ecology-: Environmental-Sciences, Enzymology-: Biochemistry-and-Molecular, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, Genetics-, Nearctic-region, Plantae-, Plants-, Population-Genetics: Population-Studies, POPULATIONS-, Quercus-ellipsoidalis (Fagaceae-), Quercus-rubra (Fagaceae-), Reproduction-, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, USA-: North-America, Vascular-Plants},
	author = {Hokanson, S.C. and Isebrands, J.G. and Jensen, R.J. and Hancock, J.F.}
}
@article {113,
	title = {Genetic relationships between three species of oaks as determined by common garden studies with populations from Michigan, Indiana and Wisconsin},
	journal = {Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science},
	volume = {65},
	year = {1991},
	note = {199293076937METHODSsampled 4 populations of Q. velutina, 6 of Q. rubra (s.l.), and 2 of Q. ellipsoidalis (as Q. coccinea {\textendash} presumes by this point that Q. ellipsoidalis is not distinct from Q. coccinea). Collected 24 viable acorns from each parent tree. Note: "The populations from Indiana with parent trees from central and northern Indiana were considered as one population for statistical purposes." Morphological characters of seedlings analyzed using ANOVA, Duncan{\textquoteright}s multiple range and multiple F test; only reports morphological characters showing statistical differences. DISCUSSION Found significant differences between northern small-acorn varieties of black oak and Hill{\textquoteright}s Oak. Hill{\textquoteright}s oak populations are generally most similar to other Hill{\textquoteright}s oak populations, but there is a "close relationship between the small acorn Black oak population at Indian River and the [Hill{\textquoteright}s] oak population at Grayling. Field observations by the author of these populations and their morphological variability suggest probable introgression between the two species in this part of Michigan."},
	month = {1991},
	pages = {71-74},
	abstract = {Twelve populations of oaks of three species from Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin [USA] were tested under "common garden" in East Lansing, Michigan. The populations consisted of four Black oak (Quercus velutina), two of northern Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea) formerly known as Hill oak (Quercus ellipsoidalis), and six populations of Red oak including both Quercus rubra and Quercus rubra v. borealis. Local genetic variation was found within eleven of the twelve populations. One population represented a hybrid swarm between Quercus rubra v. borealis and Quercus velutina. When species populations were compared using a Summation of Differences index, it was found that Black oak populations showed evidence of a genetic cline from Indiana to its northern range limits in Michigan. The two northern Scarlet oak populations from Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin and Grayling, Michigan were genetically very similar. A close relationship was found between the Grayling, Michigan Scarlet oak and the small acorn northern form of Black oak from nearby Indian River, Michigan. This was considered to be an example of introgression between these two species as also suggested by field studies in this part of Michigan.},
	keywords = {-BOREALIS-POPULATION-GENETICS-GEOGRAPHIC-VARIATION-USA, -Genetics: Population-Studies, [26070-] Fagaceae-, Angiospermae-, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, Ecology-: Environmental-Sciences, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, Forestry-, Genetics-, Plantae-, Plants-, Population, QUERCUS-VELUTINA-QUERCUS-COCCINEA-QUERCUS-ELLIPSOIDALIS-QUERCUS-RUBRA-VAR, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, Vascular-Plants},
	author = {Overlease, W.R.}
}
@article {52,
	title = {Vegetative characters, population variation, and the hybrid origin of Quercus ellipsoidalis},
	journal = {American Midland Naturalist},
	volume = {111},
	year = {1984},
	note = {198478050210Intro Starts with the common supposition that veg. chars are not good for ID{\textquoteright}g spp, but notes that many have recognized lf shape as being useful for ID{\textquoteright}g oak spp even if it is suspect. Jensen, to deal with variability within ind{\textquoteright}ls, has in previous studies relied on (1) foliage exposed to full sunlight and (2) intraindividual averages. Few studies have examined intraindividual patterns of variation. Questions driving the study: Can variation in lf morphology distinguish (1) ind{\textquoteright}ls within a population, (2) taxa within a community, and (3) hybrids from pure individuals. ALSO, (4) is Q. ellipsoidalis a taxon of hybrid origin Methods MLDA (multiple linear discriminant analysis) on 9 lf variables. MLDA differentiates groups by comparing within and among group variances. If w/in tree variation < among-tree variation, then linear discriminant functions should be useful in recognizing trees. Findings 1. Lvs are correctly assigned to their respective trees > 75\% of the time for 18 of 19 populations (N = 7{\textendash}21 trees / pop{\textquoteright}n) 2. Hybridization lowers correct classification rate, b/c hybridization increases within-tree variance. 3. The poorest class{\textquoteright}n rate (45.8\% success) represents type specimens of Q. ellipsoidalis collected by E.J. Hill and Agnes Chase {\textendash} Jensen{\textquoteright}s population 19. My concern (10-26-2006) Looking at Jensen{\textquoteright}s lectotypification article (Jensen 1979), it appears that he analyzed 12 sheets representing 3 trees: 10 sheets of Hill 176, 1895 (collected in different years); 1 sheet of Hill 95, 1896; and 1 sheet of Hill 96, 1896. If so, is the poor classfication rate due to the fact that the within group and among group variances are nearly the same?},
	month = {1984},
	pages = {364-370},
	abstract = {Vegetative characters have been considered unreliable for distinguishing oak taxa. Results of a series of multiple linear discriminant analyses of collections containing 1 or more oak taxa are presented. Leaf characters not only can separate the various taxa, but in the absence of hybridization, each tree in each collection may be recognized as a distinct multivariate entity. Comparison of an analysis of the type materials of Q. ellipsoidalis with the results of other analyses supports the hypothesis that the type population of this species was a hybrid swarm.},
	keywords = {-Genetics: Population-Studies, [26070-] Fagaceae-, Angiospermae-, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, Ecology-: Environmental-Sciences, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, Genetics-, Morphology-, Plantae-, Plants-, Population, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, STATISTICS-LEAF/, Vascular-Plants},
	author = {Jensen, R.J. and Depiero, R. and Smith, B.K.}
}
@article {111,
	title = {Population density as a predictor of genetic variation for woody plant species},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	volume = {13},
	year = {1999},
	note = {199900314083ArticleEnglish},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {1079-1087},
	abstract = {As the focus of conservation biology shifts toward multispecies and ecosystem conservation and management, a principal question becomes how we manage species to conserve their long-term evolutionary potential. Few criteria exist for prioritizing which populations within a species should be protected to conserve maximal genetic variation. We designed this study to explore the genetic consequences of using population density as a criterion for selecting populations of woody plant species for conservation. Population density may be an effective gauge of genetic variation for two reasons. First, density often reflects ecological population size, particularly for continuously distributed species, and density is much easier to measure in the field than population size. Second, from an individual species{\textquoteright} perspective, population density may be an indicator of habitat quality. We evaluated the relationship between standard genetic diversity indices and densities of seedlings, small trees, andlarge trees, and we investigated the association between genotypic composition and density measures with canonical correlation analysis for three common tree species (Carya tomentosa, Sassafras albidum, and Quercus alba) from the Missouri Ozarks. We found that population density was not correlated with genetic diversity in large populations of plant species, but density was associated with genotypic composition of populations. That is, populations with small densities had different genotypes than those with large densities. To sample a maximal amount of regional genotypic variation, we recommend choosing plant populations representing a range of densities. Findings from our study should be generally applicable to plant populations that have occupied habitats long enough for natural selection to affect local genotypic composition. Used in conjunction with other established criteria, population density may be a useful rule of thumb for conservation practitioners concerned with themaintenance of adaptive genetic variation in plant species.},
	keywords = {-, -albidum (Lauraceae-), -Plants, [26070-] Fagaceae-, [26215-] Juglandaceae-, [26245-] Lauraceae-, Angiospermae-, Carya-tomentosa (Juglandaceae-), Conservation-, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, genetic-variation, habitat-quality, Juglandaceae-: Angiosperms-, Lauraceae-: Angiosperms-, Missouri-Ozarks: Missouri-, Nearctic-region, North-America, Plantae, Plantae-, Plants-, population-density, population-size, Population-Studies, Quercus-alba (Fagaceae-), Sassafras, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, USA-, Vascular, Vascular-Plants},
	author = {Gram, W.-K. and Sork, V.-L.}
}
@article {59,
	title = {Evidence for local adaptation in closely adjacent subpopulations of northern Red Oak (Quercus rubra L.) expressed as resistance to leaf herbivores},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	volume = {142},
	year = {1993},
	note = {199497120675ArticleEnglish},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {928-936},
	abstract = {Many studies of herbaceous plant populations have illustrated the potential of adjacent subpopulations to adapt to local ecological conditions. However, the extent to which local adaptation on a small geographical scale can occur in outcrossing tree populations is not well understood. In this study, we reciprocally transplanted acorns from adjacent subpopulations of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) occupying north-, southwest-, and west-facing slopes within a 4-ha plot in a Missouri oak-hickory forest. The quantitative character we measured was leaf damage by herbivores on first-year seedlings, because it reflects resistance to insect herbivores-a quantitative trait that could be under different selective pressures in dissimilar microhabitats. We found that seedlings showed the least damage when planted at the site of the maternal plant. This finding provides initial but strong evidence of local adaptation and illustrates that selection associated with leaf herbivory may have a strong impact on the genetic structure of local tree populations. Such a result is unexpected for a widely outcrossing species on such a small geographical scale but indicates that genetic structuring is possible within other plant populations occupying heterogeneous environments.},
	keywords = {[26070-] Fagaceae-, [33000-] Animalia-, Angiospermae-, Animalia-, Animalia- (Animalia-), Animalia-: Animals-, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, ECOLOGY-, Ecology-: Environmental-Sciences, Evolution-and-Adaptation, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, GENETIC-STRUCTURING, Genetics-, Missouri-: USA-, NATURAL-SELECTION, Nearctic-region, North-America, Nutrition-, Plantae-, Plants-, Population-Genetics: Population-Studies, Quercus-rubra (Fagaceae-), Reproduction-, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, USA-: North-America, Vascular-Plants},
	author = {Sork, V.-L. and Stowe, K.-A. and Hochwender, C.}
}
@article {112,
	title = {Ecology of mast-fruiting in three species of North American deciduous oaks},
	journal = {Ecology},
	volume = {74},
	year = {1993},
	note = {199395129424ArticleEnglish},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {528-541},
	abstract = {We conducted an 8-yr study of flower and acorn production in three species of oak in east-central Missouri (USA): white oak (Quercus alba), red oak (Q. rubra), and black oak (Q. velutina). The goal was to evaluate whether mast -fruiting, the synchronous production of large seed crops followed by small seed crops, is simply a response to weather conditions or is actually an evolved reproductivity strategy. In this paper, we address four specific questions: (1) Are annual fluctuations in acron crop size the result of synchronous production of acorns by individuals? (2) Are large acorn crops the result of large flower crops and/or high survival of those flowers to mature fruit? (3) To what extent do weather variables account for variation in acorn production among years? (4) Does acorn crop size correlate negatively with prior acorn production? Red oak and white oak showed a greater degree of mast -fruiting than did black oak. Within a species, individuals tended to produce large acorn crops in the same years, but each species differed in which years they produced large crops. The size of a given acorn crop was determined by both flower abundance and survival of flowers to fruit. Principal components and multiple-regression analyses were used to describe the relationship between weather variables and acorn production. The first principal component explained the largest amount of the variation in black oak (R-2 = 0.55) and red oak (R-2 = 0.89). In white oak, two principal components combined to explain 77\% of the variation in acorn production. The weather variables that were associated with these principal components included spring temperature (positive effect) and summer drought (negative effect). Past acorn production had a major impact on the size of the current acorn crop, with each species showing a different pattern. In black oak, the current acorn crop was negatively correlated with the crop 3 yr prior but positively correlated with the crop 2 yr prior. In red oak, acorn crop size 1, 2, and 3 yr prior had negative correlations with current acorn crop, while acorn crop size 4 yr prior was positively correlated. In white oak, there were negative correlations between acorn crop size and crop size 1, 2, and 4 yr prior but a positive correlation with the acorn crop size 3 yr prior. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that mast-fruiting species must store resources during some years in order to produce a mast crop. We discuss the possibility that these three species may have inherent cycles of reproduction that are modified by the impact of weather conditions, black oak with 2-yr cycles, white oak with 3-yr cycles, and red oak with 4-yr cycles. We conclude that the patterns of acorn production for black oak, red oak, and white oak are not simply responses to weather events but are also a function of prior reproductive events. This suggests that masting is an evolved reproductive strategy.},
	keywords = {(Fagaceae-), [26070-] Fagaceae-, ACORN-CROP-SIZE, Angiospermae-, Climatology-: Environmental-Sciences, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, DROUGHT-, Ecology-: Environmental-Sciences, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, FLOWER-ABUNDANCE, Missouri-: USA-, Nearctic-region, North-America, Physiology-, Plantae-, Plants-, Quercus-alba (Fagaceae-), Quercus-rubra (Fagaceae-), Quercus-velutina, Reproduction-, REPRODUCTIVE-STRATEGY, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, TEMPERATURE-, USA-: North-America, Vascular-Plants, WEATHER-},
	author = {Sork, V.-L. and Bramble, J. and Sexton, O.}
}
@article {65,
	title = {Pollen movement in declining populations of California Valley oak, Quercus lobata: Where have all the fathers gone?},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2002},
	note = {200200321338ArticleEnglish},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {1657-1668},
	abstract = {The fragmented populations and reduced population densities that result from human disturbance are issues of growing importance in evolutionary and conservation biology. A key issue is whether remnant individuals become reproductively isolated. California Valley oak (Quercus lobata) is a widely distributed, endemic species in California, increasingly jeopardized by anthropogenic changes in biota and land use. We studied pollen movement in a savannah population of Valley oak at Sedgwick Reserve, Santa Barbara County, to estimate effective number of pollen donors (Nep) and average distance of effective pollen movement (delta). Using TWOGENER, our recently developed hybrid model of paternity and genetic structure treatments that analyses maternal and progeny multilocus genotypes, we found that current Nep = 3.68 individuals. Based on an average adult density of d = 1.19 stems/ha, we assumed a bivariate normal distribution to model current average pollen dispersal distance (delta) and estimated delta = 64.8 m. We then deployed our parameter estimates in spatially explicit models of the Sedgwick population to evaluate the extent to which Nep may have changed, as a consequence of progressive stand thinning between 1944 and 1999. Assuming that pollen dispersal distance has not changed, we estimate Nep was 4.57 individuals in 1944, when stand density was 1.48. Both estimates indicate fewer effective fathers than one might expect for wind-pollinated species and fewer than observed elsewhere. The results presented here provide a basis for further refinements on modelling pollen movement. If the trends continue, then ongoing demographic attrition could further reduce neighbourhood size in Valley oak resulting in increased risk of reproductive failure and genetic isolation.},
	keywords = {[26070-] Fagaceae-, adult-density, Angiospermae-, declining-populations, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, genetic-isolation, human-disturbance, Nearctic-region, North-America, Plantae-, Plants-, pollen-movement, Population-Genetics: Population-Studies, Quercus-lobata (Fagaceae-): California-Valley-oak, reproductive-failure, Santa-Barbara-County: California-, Sedgwick-Reserve, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, TWOGENER-model, USA-, Vascular-Plants},
	author = {Sork, V.-L. and Davis, F.-W. and Smouse, P.-E. and Apsit, V.-J. and Dyer, R.-J. and Fernandez-M, J.-F. and Kuhn, B.}
}
@article {39,
	title = {Fitness consequences of herbivory on Quercus alba},
	journal = {American Midland Naturalist},
	volume = {150},
	year = {2003},
	note = {200300367173ArticleEnglish},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {246-253},
	abstract = {Leaf herbivores potentially reduce plant fitness by increasing fruit abortion. The impact of leaf herbivory on fruit abortion, however, may vary with branch height in trees because of differential investment in reproduction among branches, differences among branches in exposure to solar radiation and the mobility of resource movement among branches following defoliation. Here we describe spatial patterns in abundance of lepidopteran herbivores and resultant damage in the canopy of mature white oak trees, Quercus alba. The effect of foliar damage on fruit abortion for upper and lower canopy branches was also examined. A significant positive correlation occurred between foliar damage and spring herbivore abundance. Damage measured at the end of the season was unevenly distributed throughout the canopy, varying from 10-20\% leaf area loss. A significant positive correlation between percent herbivore damage and percent fruit abortion also existed. Moreover, upper canopy branches had a higher percentage of fruit abortion for a given damage level than lower canopy branches, even though herbivore damage did not differ significantly with canopy height. These results suggest that early season leaf-chewing herbivores negatively affected fruit production, but the impact on fruit abortion depended upon the location of the damaged branch. Resources apparently did not move from lesser-damaged branches to more heavily damaged branches to reduce reproductive losses.},
	keywords = {-, -damage, -insect-interactions, -Plants, -Sciences, (Fagaceae-): common-, (Spermatophyta-): common-, [25000-], [26070-] Fagaceae-, [75300-] Insecta-, Angiospermae-, Animalia-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Behavior-, branch-, branch-height, canopy-height, common-, defoliation-, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, Environmental, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, fitness-consequences, foliar, food-, fruit-: reproductive-system, fruit-abortion, herbivore-, herbivore-abundance, herbivory-, insect- (Insecta-): common-, Insecta-: Animals-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, leaf-, leaf-area-loss, oak-, plant, Plantae, Plantae-, Plants-, production-, Quercus-alba (Fagaceae-): species-, Reproduction-, resource-movement, solar-radiation, spatial-patterns, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophyta-: Plants-, Spermatophytes-, Terrestrial-Ecology: Ecology-, tree-, Vascular, Vascular-Plants, white-oak},
	author = {Hochwender, C.-G. and Sork, V.-L. and Marquis, R.-J.}
}
@article {45,
	title = {Gene flow and fine-scale genetic structure in a wind-pollinated tree species Quercus lobata (Fagaceaee)},
	journal = {American Journal of Botany},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2005},
	note = {200500182047ArticleEnglish},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {252-261},
	abstract = {California Valley oak (Quercus lobata), one of the state{\textquoteright}s most distinctive oak species, has experienced serious demographic attrition since the 19th century, due to human activities. Recent estimates of pollen dispersal suggest a small reproductive neighborhood. Whether small neighborhood size is a recent phenomenon, a consequence of reduced gene flow caused by demographic changes, or whether it has been historically restricted, remains unclear. To examine this question, we have characterized the spatial genetic structure of N = 191 Q. lobata individuals, spread over an area of 230 ha, using eight microsatellite loci. The observed autocorrelogram suggests an historical standard deviation of gene flow distance of about 350 m per generation, higher than contemporary pollen dispersal estimates. To determine whether our estimates were affected by strong prevailing winds from the west-northwest, we developed and utilized a novel anisotropic autocorrelation analysis. We detected no more than a hint of anisotropy, and we concluded that adult spatial structure is indicative of strong historical signature of "isolation by distance." This historical estimate provides a useful reference value against which to gauge the future gene flow consequences of ongoing anthropogenic disturbance.},
	keywords = {-Molecular-Biophysics, [26070-] Fagaceae-, Angiospermae-, anisotropy-, Biogeography-: Population-Studies, California-: USA-, demographic-attrition, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, gene-flow, microsatellite-loci, Molecular-Genetics: Biochemistry-and, Nearctic-region, North-America, Plantae-, Plants-, pollen-: reproductive-system, Quercus-lobata (Fagaceae-): species-, Reproductive-System: Reproduction-, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, Vascular-Plants, wind-pollination},
	author = {Dutech, C. and Sork, V.L. and Irwin, A.J. and Smouse, P.E. and Davis, F.W.}
}
@article {110,
	title = {Two-generation analysis of pollen flow across a landscape V: A stepwise approach for extracting factors contributing to pollen structure},
	journal = {Heredity},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2004},
	note = {200400144680ArticleEnglish},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {204-211},
	abstract = {Patterns of pollen dispersal are central to both the ecology and evolution of plant populations. However, the mechanisms controlling either the dispersal process itself or our estimation of that process may be influenced by site -specific factors such as local forest structure and nonuniform adult genetic structure. Here, we present an extension of the AMOVA model applied to the recently developed TWOGENER analysis of pollen pool structure. This model, dubbed the Stepwise AMOVA (StAMOVA), focuses on determining to what extent ecological, demographic, and/or environmental factors influence the observed genetic variation in spatially separated pollen pools. The analysis is verified for efficacy, using an extensive battery of simulations, illustrating: (1) how nonuniform adult genetic structure influences the differentiation of spatially separated pollen pools, and (2) how effectively the Stepwise analysis performs in carrying out the appropriate corrections. Finally, the model is applied to a Quercus alba data set, from which we have prior evidence that the adult genetic structure is nonuniformly distributed across the sampling landscape. From this data set, we show how the Stepwise model can be applied to remove the effects of spatial adult genetic structure on pollen pool differentiation and contrast these results with those derived from the original TWOGENER analysis.},
	keywords = {[26070-] Fagaceae-, AMOVA-model: mathematical-and-computer-techniques, Angiospermae-, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, gene-flow, Genetics-, Mathematical-Biology: Computational-Biology, Plantae-, Plants-, pollen-: reproductive-system, Quercus-alba (Fagaceae-): species-, Reproduction-, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, Vascular-Plants},
	author = {Dyer, R.-J. and Westfall, R.-D. and Sork, V.-L. and Smouse, P.-E.}
}
