@article {40,
	title = {Conservation of (GA)n microsatellite loci between Quercus species},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {6},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997},
	pages = {1189-1194},
	abstract = {Microsatellite (simple sequence repeat, SSR) amplification was performed in eight different members of the Fagaceae family by using sets of primers developed from sessile oak, Quercus petraea. In total, 136 cases of heterologous amplification were carried out, and 66\% resulted in interpretable amplification products. From these, 12 PCR amplification products were sequenced and all 12 contained a sequence homologous to the original locus from Q. petraea. Although SSR primers worked even across different genera, with increasing evolutionary distance there was a clear tendency for decreasing ability to successfully amplify loci and a decreasing proportion of polymorphism amongst those markers which could be amplified. Two of the loci, ssrQpZAG46 and ssrQpZAG110, were polymorphic in all Quercus species tested. Only at one locus, ssrQpZAG58, a specific PCR product could be amplified in all species analysed. For four loci found in two species, we observed significant interspecies differences in the size range of the amplified alleles. Sequence analysis of two alleles showed that the size differences are not only due to variations in the number of (GA) repeats but also to an insertion of approximately 80 nucleotides in the flanking region. Our findings prove the usefulness of SSR markers within and amongst closely related genera of plants.},
	url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1365-294X.1997.00288.x/abs},
	author = {Steinkellner, H. and Lexer, C. and Turetschek, E. and Glossl, J.}
}
@article {89,
	title = {Detection of genomic regions differentiating two closely related oak species Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. and Quercus robur L},
	journal = {Heredity},
	volume = {78},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997},
	pages = {433-444},
	abstract = {Genomic regions differentiating Quercus petraea and Quercus robur were detected by screening2800 PCR amplification products using random primers on 22 trees of each species sampled in 11 natural populations. Only two per cent of the amplified fragments exhibited significant frequency differences between the two species and none of them was specific to a species. The nucleotide divergence between the two species estimated with RAPD data was 0.5 per cent in the overall genome and increased to 3.3 per cent in the discriminant regions. Twenty-three informative fragments were cloned and partially sequenced. New primers were derived from these sequences to obtain Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) fragments. Southern blot experiments indicated that the SCARs were generally in low copy number in the genome. A search for similarity between SCAR sequences and sequences contained in data banks revealed that three of them corresponded to known DNA sequences.},
	author = {Bod and Joandet, S. and Laigret, F. and Kremer, A.}
}
@inbook {47,
	title = {Flora of North America, North of Mexico},
	volume = {3},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997},
	pages = {447-468},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Jensen, R.J.},
	editor = {Committee, F.o.N.A.E.}
}
@article {98,
	title = {How discrete are oak species? Insights from a hybrid zone between Quercus grisea and Quercus gambelii.},
	journal = {Evolution},
	volume = {51},
	year = {1997},
	note = {doi:10.2307/2411151},
	month = {1997},
	pages = {747 - 755},
	abstract = {not aviable},
	author = {Howard, D. and Preszler, R. and Williams, J. and Fenchel, S. and Boecklen, W.}
}
@article {138,
	title = {Population structure, genetic diversity, and clone formation in Quercus chrysolepis (Fagaceae)},
	journal = {American Journal of Botany},
	volume = {84},
	number = {11},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {1553-},
	abstract = {Stands of canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis, Fagaceae) are maintained for fuelwood, fire management, recreation, and as habitat for wildlife. Information about the link between the oak{\textquoteright}s reproductive ecology and its extent of genetic diversity is important in developing land management policies that will maintain the long-term viability of populations. Basal sprouting is the primary means of reproduction following fire or cutting, and stands frequently include groups of visibly connected trees in a clustered distribution that suggests cloning. We determined the extent to which clusters of trees were clonal and defined the spatial pattern and diversity of genotypes for six populations across nearly the entire east-west extent of the San Bernardino Mountains in southern California. We mapped over 100 trees at each of five sites and genotyped each tree for allozymes at seven polymorphic loci. We identified clones using these multilocus genotypes and detected an average of 34.4 {\textpm} 7.3 (SD) clones per site, most of which had unique genotypes. In general, clustered trees belong to single clones and most clones consist of few trees (mean = 3.4 {\textpm} 0.6 trees per clone). However, clone size increased significantly with increased individual heterozygosity, suggesting that selection may favor highly heterozygous clones. Clonal diversity and evenness were high relative to reports for most other clonal species; an average of 97\% of clones had distinct genotypes, and Simpson{\textquoteright}s index of diversity averaged 0.95 {\textpm} 0.02. Population genetic analyses of 319 clones from six sites revealed high genetic diversity within sites (mean HS = 0.443). Only a small proportion of the total genetic diversity was explained by variation among sites (mean GST = 0.018), which is consistent with high gene flow among sites (Nm = 9.5). We found no significant substructure among plots within sites, and fixation indices within sites were generally small, suggesting that either little inbreeding occurs, and/or few inbred progeny survive. However, spatial autocorrelation analysis of clones indicated fine-scale genetic structure at distances under 4 m, possibly due to limited seed dispersal. Our data suggest that guidelines for seed collection of canyon live oak for use in restoration can be specified in a manner similar to that recommended for conifer species within the region studied.},
	author = {Montalvo, AM and Conard, SG and Conkle, MT and Hodgskiss, PD}
}
