@article {164,
	title = {Is there a species spectrum within the world-wide leaf economics spectrum? Major variations in leaf functional traits in the Mediterranean sclerophyll <i>Quercus ilex</i>},
	journal = {New PhytologistNew Phytologist},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {n/a-n/a},
	abstract = {The leaf economics spectrum is a general concept describing coordinated variation in foliage structural, chemical and physiological traits across resource gradients. Yet, within this concept, the role of within-species variation, including ecotypic and plastic variation components, has been largely neglected. This study hypothesized that there is a within-species economics spectrum within the general spectrum in the evergreen sclerophyll Quercus ilex which dominates low resource ecosystems over an exceptionally wide range. An extensive database of foliage traits covering the full species range was constructed, and improved filtering algorithms were developed. Standardized data filtering was deemed absolutely essential as additional variation sources can result in trait variation of 10{\textendash}300\%, blurring the broad relationships. Strong trait variation, c. two-fold for most traits to up to almost an order of magnitude, was uncovered. Although the Q.~ilex spectrum is part of the general spectrum, within-species trait and climatic relationships in this species partly differed from the overall spectrum. Contrary to world-wide trends, Q.~ilex does not necessarily have a low nitrogen content per mass and can increase photosynthetic capacity with increasing foliage robustness. This study argues that the within-species economics spectrum needs to be considered in regional- to biome-level analyses.},
	keywords = {bioclimatic niche, climatic drivers, dry mass per unit area, leaf economics spectrum, leaf physiognomy, nitrogen, photosynthesis, trait relationships},
	isbn = {1469-8137},
	author = {Niinemets, {\"U}lo}
}
@article {137,
	title = {Evidence for a freezing tolerance{\textendash}growth rate trade-off in the live oaks (Quercus series Virentes) across the tropical{\textendash}temperate divide},
	journal = {New PhytologistNew Phytologist},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {no-no},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
	abstract = {* {\textbullet}It has long been hypothesized that species are limited to the north by minimum temperature and to the south by competition, resulting in a trade-off between freezing tolerance and growth rate. We investigated the extent to which the climatic origins of populations from four live oak species (Quercus series Virentes) were associated with freezing tolerance and growth rate, and whether species fitted a model of locally adapted populations, each with narrow climatic tolerances, or of broadly adapted populations with wide climatic tolerances. * {\textbullet}Acorns from populations of four species across a tropical{\textendash}temperate gradient were grown under common tropical and temperate conditions. Growth rate, seed mass, and leaf and stem freezing traits were compared with source minimum temperatures. * {\textbullet}Maximum growth rates under tropical conditions were negatively correlated with freezing tolerance under temperate conditions. The minimum source temperature predicted the freezing tolerance of populations under temperate conditions. The tropical species Q.~oleoides was differentiated from the three temperate species, and variation among species was greater than among populations. * {\textbullet}The trade-off between freezing tolerance and growth rate supports the range limit hypothesis. Limited variation within species indicates that the distributions of species may be driven more strongly by broad climatic factors than by highly local conditions.},
	keywords = {freezing tolerance, growth rate, live oaks, Quercus series Virentes, trade-off, tropical{\textendash}temperate divide},
	isbn = {1469-8137},
	author = {Koehler, Kari and Center, Alyson and Cavender-Bares, Jeannine}
}
