@article {118,
	title = {A preliminary numerical analysis of the red oak complex in Michigan and Wisconsin USA},
	journal = {Taxon},
	volume = {26},
	year = {1977},
	note = {197865044113Taxa studied: Q. palustris {\textendash} 2 individuals, MI Q. coccinea {\textendash} 4 individuals, OH Q. velutina {\textendash} 4 ind{\textquoteright}ls, MI, WI, IA Q. ellipsoidalis {\textendash} 5 individuals, MI, WI IL (the latter being the syntype from Miami OH herbarium) Q. rubra {\textendash} 7 ind{\textquoteright}ls, MI, WI Putative hybrids: 18 (5 WI, 13 MI) Methods 20 morphological characters chosen based on their utitlity for distinguishing taxa 2nd dataset of 18 ratios derived from the above 1. Datasets used to produce a cha4racter-by-character correlation matrix, subject to PCA. OTUs then projected onto principal components. 2. Directed minimum spanning graph superimposed over points. Results 1. Q. rubra and Q. coccinea form the most distinct clusters 2. Q. palustris (2 OTUs) forms a tight cluster, but oddly, the nearest neighbor of each is a Q. rubra (in the raw dataset) 3. Hybrids in the raw dataset are centrally located among the species clusters, mostly closest to Q. ellipsoidalis, Q. velutina, and Q. palustris. In the transformed data, all putative hybrids fall between the Q. ellipsoidalis and Q. velutina clusters.},
	month = {1977},
	pages = {399-407},
	abstract = {Individuals representing 5 taxa [Quercus coccinea, Q. ellipsoidalis, Q. palustris, Q. rubra and Q. velutina] and numerous unidentified OTU [operational taxonomic unit] of red oaks native to the western Great Lakes region of the USA were examined through principal components analysis. Two data sets, 1 consisting of 20 untransformed characters and 1 in which various characters were redefined as ratios, were employed for comparative analysis. Although minor differences are noted, the 2 data sets provide essentially the same view of the relationships between the included OTU. The 5 taxa appear to form more or less discrete groups with the unidentified OTU occupying positions of intermediacy. The results support previous conclusions that extensive hybridization occurs among the red oaks of this geographic region.},
	keywords = {-HYBRIDIZATION, -QUERCUS-VELUTINA-OPERATIONAL-TAXONOMIC-UNIT-PRINCIPAL-COMPONENTS-ANALYSIS, -Taxonomy, [26070-] Fagaceae-, Angiospermae-, Biogeography-: Population-Studies, Computational-Biology, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, Genetics-, Mathematical-Biology:, Plantae-, Plants-, Population-Genetics: Population-Studies, QUERCUS-COCCINEA-QUERCUS-ELLIPSOIDALIS-QUERCUS-PALUSTRIS-QUERCUS-RUBRA, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, Systematics-and, Vascular-Plants},
	author = {Jensen, R.J.}
}
@article {51,
	title = {Isozyme variation in oaks of the Apostle Islands in Wisconsin: Genetic structure and levels of inbreeding in Quercus rubra and Q. ellipsoidalis (Fagaceae)},
	journal = {American Journal of Botany},
	volume = {80},
	year = {1993},
	note = {199497074468Findings1. No species specific alleles were found 2. Allozyme variation was high, despite small geographic scale 3. Heterozygosity was lower than HW equilibrium. [My question: could this be b/c they were analyzing two spp together? this would produce inflated Het(expected)] 4. Nm for adults = 5.70, low for outcrossing, wind-pollinated, widespread spp 5. Acorn homozygosity ~ 2X adult homozygosity 6. HOWEVER, very low Fst and high genetic similarities suggest high gene flow 7. Likewise, morphological data suggest a genetic cline between mainland and islands This apparent contradiction {\textendash} low heterozygosity suggesting little gene flow; but high genetic identities, low Fst, and morphological intergradation {\textendash} may be a consequence of logging history. "Bottleneck" reproduction may account for lower heterozygosity in all populations.},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {1349-1357},
	abstract = {Isozyme variability was examined in populations representing the red oak complex (Quercus subg. Erythrobalanus) on an island archipelago and adjoining peninsula in Lake Superior, near Bayfield, Wisconsin. A concomitant study of morphometric variation described in the companion manuscript, revealed a continuum in leaf morphology extending from an interior mainland site to the outermost island. The existence of this clinal variation presented an ideal opportunity to examine the genetic structure of a hybrid population along with the putative progenitor species. Dormant leaf bud samples were collected from specimens of Quercus rubra L., Q. ellipsoidalis Hill, and their putative hybrids from three islands and two locations on the peninsula. Acorns were collected from some of these same trees from one peninsula location and two islands. Twelve putative enzyme loci from six enzyme systems were analyzed. Allele frequency data indicated little differentiation between populations. Mean F-ST values for the adult trees and acorns were 0.042 and 0.020. Genetic identities according to Nei ranged from 0.958 to 0.999. Despite these high levels of genetic similarity, the populations appeared to be highly inbred as indicated by positive mean F-IT values of 0.183 and 0.373 for the adult trees and acorns. Estimates of migration rate per generation (Nm) for the adult trees was 5.70, a value that is low when compared to estimates for other plant species with similar life history characteristics.},
	keywords = {-Biophysics, [26070-] Fagaceae-, ALLELE-FREQUENCY, Angiospermae-, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, Ecology-: Environmental-Sciences, Enzymology-: Biochemistry-and-Molecular, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, Genetics-, Nearctic-region, Plantae-, Plants-, Population-Genetics: Population-Studies, POPULATIONS-, Quercus-ellipsoidalis (Fagaceae-), Quercus-rubra (Fagaceae-), Reproduction-, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, USA-: North-America, Vascular-Plants},
	author = {Hokanson, S.C. and Isebrands, J.G. and Jensen, R.J. and Hancock, J.F.}
}
@article {59,
	title = {Evidence for local adaptation in closely adjacent subpopulations of northern Red Oak (Quercus rubra L.) expressed as resistance to leaf herbivores},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	volume = {142},
	year = {1993},
	note = {199497120675ArticleEnglish},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {928-936},
	abstract = {Many studies of herbaceous plant populations have illustrated the potential of adjacent subpopulations to adapt to local ecological conditions. However, the extent to which local adaptation on a small geographical scale can occur in outcrossing tree populations is not well understood. In this study, we reciprocally transplanted acorns from adjacent subpopulations of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) occupying north-, southwest-, and west-facing slopes within a 4-ha plot in a Missouri oak-hickory forest. The quantitative character we measured was leaf damage by herbivores on first-year seedlings, because it reflects resistance to insect herbivores-a quantitative trait that could be under different selective pressures in dissimilar microhabitats. We found that seedlings showed the least damage when planted at the site of the maternal plant. This finding provides initial but strong evidence of local adaptation and illustrates that selection associated with leaf herbivory may have a strong impact on the genetic structure of local tree populations. Such a result is unexpected for a widely outcrossing species on such a small geographical scale but indicates that genetic structuring is possible within other plant populations occupying heterogeneous environments.},
	keywords = {[26070-] Fagaceae-, [33000-] Animalia-, Angiospermae-, Animalia-, Animalia- (Animalia-), Animalia-: Animals-, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, ECOLOGY-, Ecology-: Environmental-Sciences, Evolution-and-Adaptation, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, GENETIC-STRUCTURING, Genetics-, Missouri-: USA-, NATURAL-SELECTION, Nearctic-region, North-America, Nutrition-, Plantae-, Plants-, Population-Genetics: Population-Studies, Quercus-rubra (Fagaceae-), Reproduction-, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, USA-: North-America, Vascular-Plants},
	author = {Sork, V.-L. and Stowe, K.-A. and Hochwender, C.}
}
@article {65,
	title = {Pollen movement in declining populations of California Valley oak, Quercus lobata: Where have all the fathers gone?},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2002},
	note = {200200321338ArticleEnglish},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {1657-1668},
	abstract = {The fragmented populations and reduced population densities that result from human disturbance are issues of growing importance in evolutionary and conservation biology. A key issue is whether remnant individuals become reproductively isolated. California Valley oak (Quercus lobata) is a widely distributed, endemic species in California, increasingly jeopardized by anthropogenic changes in biota and land use. We studied pollen movement in a savannah population of Valley oak at Sedgwick Reserve, Santa Barbara County, to estimate effective number of pollen donors (Nep) and average distance of effective pollen movement (delta). Using TWOGENER, our recently developed hybrid model of paternity and genetic structure treatments that analyses maternal and progeny multilocus genotypes, we found that current Nep = 3.68 individuals. Based on an average adult density of d = 1.19 stems/ha, we assumed a bivariate normal distribution to model current average pollen dispersal distance (delta) and estimated delta = 64.8 m. We then deployed our parameter estimates in spatially explicit models of the Sedgwick population to evaluate the extent to which Nep may have changed, as a consequence of progressive stand thinning between 1944 and 1999. Assuming that pollen dispersal distance has not changed, we estimate Nep was 4.57 individuals in 1944, when stand density was 1.48. Both estimates indicate fewer effective fathers than one might expect for wind-pollinated species and fewer than observed elsewhere. The results presented here provide a basis for further refinements on modelling pollen movement. If the trends continue, then ongoing demographic attrition could further reduce neighbourhood size in Valley oak resulting in increased risk of reproductive failure and genetic isolation.},
	keywords = {[26070-] Fagaceae-, adult-density, Angiospermae-, declining-populations, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, genetic-isolation, human-disturbance, Nearctic-region, North-America, Plantae-, Plants-, pollen-movement, Population-Genetics: Population-Studies, Quercus-lobata (Fagaceae-): California-Valley-oak, reproductive-failure, Santa-Barbara-County: California-, Sedgwick-Reserve, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, TWOGENER-model, USA-, Vascular-Plants},
	author = {Sork, V.-L. and Davis, F.-W. and Smouse, P.-E. and Apsit, V.-J. and Dyer, R.-J. and Fernandez-M, J.-F. and Kuhn, B.}
}
