@article {111,
	title = {Population density as a predictor of genetic variation for woody plant species},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	volume = {13},
	year = {1999},
	note = {199900314083ArticleEnglish},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {1079-1087},
	abstract = {As the focus of conservation biology shifts toward multispecies and ecosystem conservation and management, a principal question becomes how we manage species to conserve their long-term evolutionary potential. Few criteria exist for prioritizing which populations within a species should be protected to conserve maximal genetic variation. We designed this study to explore the genetic consequences of using population density as a criterion for selecting populations of woody plant species for conservation. Population density may be an effective gauge of genetic variation for two reasons. First, density often reflects ecological population size, particularly for continuously distributed species, and density is much easier to measure in the field than population size. Second, from an individual species{\textquoteright} perspective, population density may be an indicator of habitat quality. We evaluated the relationship between standard genetic diversity indices and densities of seedlings, small trees, andlarge trees, and we investigated the association between genotypic composition and density measures with canonical correlation analysis for three common tree species (Carya tomentosa, Sassafras albidum, and Quercus alba) from the Missouri Ozarks. We found that population density was not correlated with genetic diversity in large populations of plant species, but density was associated with genotypic composition of populations. That is, populations with small densities had different genotypes than those with large densities. To sample a maximal amount of regional genotypic variation, we recommend choosing plant populations representing a range of densities. Findings from our study should be generally applicable to plant populations that have occupied habitats long enough for natural selection to affect local genotypic composition. Used in conjunction with other established criteria, population density may be a useful rule of thumb for conservation practitioners concerned with themaintenance of adaptive genetic variation in plant species.},
	keywords = {-, -albidum (Lauraceae-), -Plants, [26070-] Fagaceae-, [26215-] Juglandaceae-, [26245-] Lauraceae-, Angiospermae-, Carya-tomentosa (Juglandaceae-), Conservation-, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, genetic-variation, habitat-quality, Juglandaceae-: Angiosperms-, Lauraceae-: Angiosperms-, Missouri-Ozarks: Missouri-, Nearctic-region, North-America, Plantae, Plantae-, Plants-, population-density, population-size, Population-Studies, Quercus-alba (Fagaceae-), Sassafras, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, USA-, Vascular, Vascular-Plants},
	author = {Gram, W.-K. and Sork, V.-L.}
}
@article {39,
	title = {Fitness consequences of herbivory on Quercus alba},
	journal = {American Midland Naturalist},
	volume = {150},
	year = {2003},
	note = {200300367173ArticleEnglish},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {246-253},
	abstract = {Leaf herbivores potentially reduce plant fitness by increasing fruit abortion. The impact of leaf herbivory on fruit abortion, however, may vary with branch height in trees because of differential investment in reproduction among branches, differences among branches in exposure to solar radiation and the mobility of resource movement among branches following defoliation. Here we describe spatial patterns in abundance of lepidopteran herbivores and resultant damage in the canopy of mature white oak trees, Quercus alba. The effect of foliar damage on fruit abortion for upper and lower canopy branches was also examined. A significant positive correlation occurred between foliar damage and spring herbivore abundance. Damage measured at the end of the season was unevenly distributed throughout the canopy, varying from 10-20\% leaf area loss. A significant positive correlation between percent herbivore damage and percent fruit abortion also existed. Moreover, upper canopy branches had a higher percentage of fruit abortion for a given damage level than lower canopy branches, even though herbivore damage did not differ significantly with canopy height. These results suggest that early season leaf-chewing herbivores negatively affected fruit production, but the impact on fruit abortion depended upon the location of the damaged branch. Resources apparently did not move from lesser-damaged branches to more heavily damaged branches to reduce reproductive losses.},
	keywords = {-, -damage, -insect-interactions, -Plants, -Sciences, (Fagaceae-): common-, (Spermatophyta-): common-, [25000-], [26070-] Fagaceae-, [75300-] Insecta-, Angiospermae-, Animalia-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Behavior-, branch-, branch-height, canopy-height, common-, defoliation-, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, Environmental, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, fitness-consequences, foliar, food-, fruit-: reproductive-system, fruit-abortion, herbivore-, herbivore-abundance, herbivory-, insect- (Insecta-): common-, Insecta-: Animals-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, leaf-, leaf-area-loss, oak-, plant, Plantae, Plantae-, Plants-, production-, Quercus-alba (Fagaceae-): species-, Reproduction-, resource-movement, solar-radiation, spatial-patterns, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophyta-: Plants-, Spermatophytes-, Terrestrial-Ecology: Ecology-, tree-, Vascular, Vascular-Plants, white-oak},
	author = {Hochwender, C.-G. and Sork, V.-L. and Marquis, R.-J.}
}
