@article {53,
	title = {Hills oak (Quercus ellipsoidalis) in southern Ontario, Canada},
	journal = {Canadian Field-Naturalist},
	volume = {95},
	year = {1981},
	note = {198273029824Early reports, botanical history of the species in Canada1st report of Q. ellipsoidalis from Canada (Mitchell, 1912, Pt. Edward, Sarnia, Lambton Co, Ontario) could not be verified {\textendash} colllections were as easily assignable to either Q. velutina or Q. ellipsoidalis (DAO collection) or obviously Q. velutina, but apparently not from the original tree (Dodge and Tripp, 1959, MICH). Ball noted a 1957 collection by Tamalu from just W of Galt, first det by Tamsalu as Q. coccinea, then redet as Q. velutina (notes that Fox and Soper 1954 concluded "Q. coccinea" of Southern Ontario should all be refered to other species, primarily Q. palustris and Q. velutina). 1978 fieldwork uncovered similar trees throughout N. Dumfries Twp in Regional Municipality of Waterloo, and in Brant Co, northern part of S. Dumfries Twp. Hill{\textquoteright}s oak distinctness and identity Ball summarizes Jensen 1977 publications demonstrating that Q. rubra, Q. palustris, Q. shumardii, Q. nuttallii, Q. coccinea, Q. ellipsoidalis, and Q. velutina "are all reasonably distinct species." The first four spp were distinct from the Waterloo, Brant specimens, but the latter three "cannot be so readily distinguished." "Quercus ellipsoidalis has no unique characters, but it can be readily identified by a combination of characters, particularly the slender petiole; small, glabrous or sparsely pubescent terminal buds; and the small, turbinate, unfringed acorn cup." NOTE: Ontario Q. ellipsoidalis is reported as being sparsely pubescent all over on the inner face of hte acorn cap; Jensen says it is altogether glabrous. Ecology Almost all stations are in old fencerows or hedgerows, sometimes in forest edges, never in forest interior. Some close to ponds or small lakes. Soil almost always has high sand content {\textendash} trees often growing with prairie plants such as Andropogon gerardii, Schizachyrium scoparium, Sorghastrum nutans, Lespedeza capitata. at the time of settlement, Dumfries Twp was mostly dry grassland with open-grown oaks and frequent fire.},
	month = {1981},
	pages = {281-286},
	abstract = {Hills oak (Q. ellipsoidalis) is reported from several localities in southern Ontario near Galt and Brantford. This represents an eastward extension of the range of the species of > 200 km. In most localities in this area the trees occur in fence rows and hedgerows, and with the increasing urbanization and road widening that is occurring, many are in jeopardy. The distinction between Q. ellipsoidalis, Q. coccinea (scarlet oak) and Q. velutina (black oak) was made from leaf, bud and acorn characteristics.},
	keywords = {[26070-] Fagaceae-, Angiospermae-, Biogeography-: Population-Studies, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, Ecology-: Environmental-Sciences, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, Morphology-, Plantae-, Plants-, QUERCUS-COCCINEA-QUERCUS-VELUTINA-MORPHOLOGY-RANGE-EXTENSION-HABITAT, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, Systematics-and-Taxonomy, Vascular-Plants},
	author = {Ball, P.W.}
}
@article {51,
	title = {Isozyme variation in oaks of the Apostle Islands in Wisconsin: Genetic structure and levels of inbreeding in Quercus rubra and Q. ellipsoidalis (Fagaceae)},
	journal = {American Journal of Botany},
	volume = {80},
	year = {1993},
	note = {199497074468Findings1. No species specific alleles were found 2. Allozyme variation was high, despite small geographic scale 3. Heterozygosity was lower than HW equilibrium. [My question: could this be b/c they were analyzing two spp together? this would produce inflated Het(expected)] 4. Nm for adults = 5.70, low for outcrossing, wind-pollinated, widespread spp 5. Acorn homozygosity ~ 2X adult homozygosity 6. HOWEVER, very low Fst and high genetic similarities suggest high gene flow 7. Likewise, morphological data suggest a genetic cline between mainland and islands This apparent contradiction {\textendash} low heterozygosity suggesting little gene flow; but high genetic identities, low Fst, and morphological intergradation {\textendash} may be a consequence of logging history. "Bottleneck" reproduction may account for lower heterozygosity in all populations.},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {1349-1357},
	abstract = {Isozyme variability was examined in populations representing the red oak complex (Quercus subg. Erythrobalanus) on an island archipelago and adjoining peninsula in Lake Superior, near Bayfield, Wisconsin. A concomitant study of morphometric variation described in the companion manuscript, revealed a continuum in leaf morphology extending from an interior mainland site to the outermost island. The existence of this clinal variation presented an ideal opportunity to examine the genetic structure of a hybrid population along with the putative progenitor species. Dormant leaf bud samples were collected from specimens of Quercus rubra L., Q. ellipsoidalis Hill, and their putative hybrids from three islands and two locations on the peninsula. Acorns were collected from some of these same trees from one peninsula location and two islands. Twelve putative enzyme loci from six enzyme systems were analyzed. Allele frequency data indicated little differentiation between populations. Mean F-ST values for the adult trees and acorns were 0.042 and 0.020. Genetic identities according to Nei ranged from 0.958 to 0.999. Despite these high levels of genetic similarity, the populations appeared to be highly inbred as indicated by positive mean F-IT values of 0.183 and 0.373 for the adult trees and acorns. Estimates of migration rate per generation (Nm) for the adult trees was 5.70, a value that is low when compared to estimates for other plant species with similar life history characteristics.},
	keywords = {-Biophysics, [26070-] Fagaceae-, ALLELE-FREQUENCY, Angiospermae-, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, Ecology-: Environmental-Sciences, Enzymology-: Biochemistry-and-Molecular, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, Genetics-, Nearctic-region, Plantae-, Plants-, Population-Genetics: Population-Studies, POPULATIONS-, Quercus-ellipsoidalis (Fagaceae-), Quercus-rubra (Fagaceae-), Reproduction-, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, USA-: North-America, Vascular-Plants},
	author = {Hokanson, S.C. and Isebrands, J.G. and Jensen, R.J. and Hancock, J.F.}
}
@article {113,
	title = {Genetic relationships between three species of oaks as determined by common garden studies with populations from Michigan, Indiana and Wisconsin},
	journal = {Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science},
	volume = {65},
	year = {1991},
	note = {199293076937METHODSsampled 4 populations of Q. velutina, 6 of Q. rubra (s.l.), and 2 of Q. ellipsoidalis (as Q. coccinea {\textendash} presumes by this point that Q. ellipsoidalis is not distinct from Q. coccinea). Collected 24 viable acorns from each parent tree. Note: "The populations from Indiana with parent trees from central and northern Indiana were considered as one population for statistical purposes." Morphological characters of seedlings analyzed using ANOVA, Duncan{\textquoteright}s multiple range and multiple F test; only reports morphological characters showing statistical differences. DISCUSSION Found significant differences between northern small-acorn varieties of black oak and Hill{\textquoteright}s Oak. Hill{\textquoteright}s oak populations are generally most similar to other Hill{\textquoteright}s oak populations, but there is a "close relationship between the small acorn Black oak population at Indian River and the [Hill{\textquoteright}s] oak population at Grayling. Field observations by the author of these populations and their morphological variability suggest probable introgression between the two species in this part of Michigan."},
	month = {1991},
	pages = {71-74},
	abstract = {Twelve populations of oaks of three species from Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin [USA] were tested under "common garden" in East Lansing, Michigan. The populations consisted of four Black oak (Quercus velutina), two of northern Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea) formerly known as Hill oak (Quercus ellipsoidalis), and six populations of Red oak including both Quercus rubra and Quercus rubra v. borealis. Local genetic variation was found within eleven of the twelve populations. One population represented a hybrid swarm between Quercus rubra v. borealis and Quercus velutina. When species populations were compared using a Summation of Differences index, it was found that Black oak populations showed evidence of a genetic cline from Indiana to its northern range limits in Michigan. The two northern Scarlet oak populations from Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin and Grayling, Michigan were genetically very similar. A close relationship was found between the Grayling, Michigan Scarlet oak and the small acorn northern form of Black oak from nearby Indian River, Michigan. This was considered to be an example of introgression between these two species as also suggested by field studies in this part of Michigan.},
	keywords = {-BOREALIS-POPULATION-GENETICS-GEOGRAPHIC-VARIATION-USA, -Genetics: Population-Studies, [26070-] Fagaceae-, Angiospermae-, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, Ecology-: Environmental-Sciences, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, Forestry-, Genetics-, Plantae-, Plants-, Population, QUERCUS-VELUTINA-QUERCUS-COCCINEA-QUERCUS-ELLIPSOIDALIS-QUERCUS-RUBRA-VAR, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, Vascular-Plants},
	author = {Overlease, W.R.}
}
@article {52,
	title = {Vegetative characters, population variation, and the hybrid origin of Quercus ellipsoidalis},
	journal = {American Midland Naturalist},
	volume = {111},
	year = {1984},
	note = {198478050210Intro Starts with the common supposition that veg. chars are not good for ID{\textquoteright}g spp, but notes that many have recognized lf shape as being useful for ID{\textquoteright}g oak spp even if it is suspect. Jensen, to deal with variability within ind{\textquoteright}ls, has in previous studies relied on (1) foliage exposed to full sunlight and (2) intraindividual averages. Few studies have examined intraindividual patterns of variation. Questions driving the study: Can variation in lf morphology distinguish (1) ind{\textquoteright}ls within a population, (2) taxa within a community, and (3) hybrids from pure individuals. ALSO, (4) is Q. ellipsoidalis a taxon of hybrid origin Methods MLDA (multiple linear discriminant analysis) on 9 lf variables. MLDA differentiates groups by comparing within and among group variances. If w/in tree variation < among-tree variation, then linear discriminant functions should be useful in recognizing trees. Findings 1. Lvs are correctly assigned to their respective trees > 75\% of the time for 18 of 19 populations (N = 7{\textendash}21 trees / pop{\textquoteright}n) 2. Hybridization lowers correct classification rate, b/c hybridization increases within-tree variance. 3. The poorest class{\textquoteright}n rate (45.8\% success) represents type specimens of Q. ellipsoidalis collected by E.J. Hill and Agnes Chase {\textendash} Jensen{\textquoteright}s population 19. My concern (10-26-2006) Looking at Jensen{\textquoteright}s lectotypification article (Jensen 1979), it appears that he analyzed 12 sheets representing 3 trees: 10 sheets of Hill 176, 1895 (collected in different years); 1 sheet of Hill 95, 1896; and 1 sheet of Hill 96, 1896. If so, is the poor classfication rate due to the fact that the within group and among group variances are nearly the same?},
	month = {1984},
	pages = {364-370},
	abstract = {Vegetative characters have been considered unreliable for distinguishing oak taxa. Results of a series of multiple linear discriminant analyses of collections containing 1 or more oak taxa are presented. Leaf characters not only can separate the various taxa, but in the absence of hybridization, each tree in each collection may be recognized as a distinct multivariate entity. Comparison of an analysis of the type materials of Q. ellipsoidalis with the results of other analyses supports the hypothesis that the type population of this species was a hybrid swarm.},
	keywords = {-Genetics: Population-Studies, [26070-] Fagaceae-, Angiospermae-, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, Ecology-: Environmental-Sciences, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, Genetics-, Morphology-, Plantae-, Plants-, Population, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, STATISTICS-LEAF/, Vascular-Plants},
	author = {Jensen, R.J. and Depiero, R. and Smith, B.K.}
}
@article {59,
	title = {Evidence for local adaptation in closely adjacent subpopulations of northern Red Oak (Quercus rubra L.) expressed as resistance to leaf herbivores},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	volume = {142},
	year = {1993},
	note = {199497120675ArticleEnglish},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {928-936},
	abstract = {Many studies of herbaceous plant populations have illustrated the potential of adjacent subpopulations to adapt to local ecological conditions. However, the extent to which local adaptation on a small geographical scale can occur in outcrossing tree populations is not well understood. In this study, we reciprocally transplanted acorns from adjacent subpopulations of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) occupying north-, southwest-, and west-facing slopes within a 4-ha plot in a Missouri oak-hickory forest. The quantitative character we measured was leaf damage by herbivores on first-year seedlings, because it reflects resistance to insect herbivores-a quantitative trait that could be under different selective pressures in dissimilar microhabitats. We found that seedlings showed the least damage when planted at the site of the maternal plant. This finding provides initial but strong evidence of local adaptation and illustrates that selection associated with leaf herbivory may have a strong impact on the genetic structure of local tree populations. Such a result is unexpected for a widely outcrossing species on such a small geographical scale but indicates that genetic structuring is possible within other plant populations occupying heterogeneous environments.},
	keywords = {[26070-] Fagaceae-, [33000-] Animalia-, Angiospermae-, Animalia-, Animalia- (Animalia-), Animalia-: Animals-, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, ECOLOGY-, Ecology-: Environmental-Sciences, Evolution-and-Adaptation, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, GENETIC-STRUCTURING, Genetics-, Missouri-: USA-, NATURAL-SELECTION, Nearctic-region, North-America, Nutrition-, Plantae-, Plants-, Population-Genetics: Population-Studies, Quercus-rubra (Fagaceae-), Reproduction-, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, USA-: North-America, Vascular-Plants},
	author = {Sork, V.-L. and Stowe, K.-A. and Hochwender, C.}
}
@article {112,
	title = {Ecology of mast-fruiting in three species of North American deciduous oaks},
	journal = {Ecology},
	volume = {74},
	year = {1993},
	note = {199395129424ArticleEnglish},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {528-541},
	abstract = {We conducted an 8-yr study of flower and acorn production in three species of oak in east-central Missouri (USA): white oak (Quercus alba), red oak (Q. rubra), and black oak (Q. velutina). The goal was to evaluate whether mast -fruiting, the synchronous production of large seed crops followed by small seed crops, is simply a response to weather conditions or is actually an evolved reproductivity strategy. In this paper, we address four specific questions: (1) Are annual fluctuations in acron crop size the result of synchronous production of acorns by individuals? (2) Are large acorn crops the result of large flower crops and/or high survival of those flowers to mature fruit? (3) To what extent do weather variables account for variation in acorn production among years? (4) Does acorn crop size correlate negatively with prior acorn production? Red oak and white oak showed a greater degree of mast -fruiting than did black oak. Within a species, individuals tended to produce large acorn crops in the same years, but each species differed in which years they produced large crops. The size of a given acorn crop was determined by both flower abundance and survival of flowers to fruit. Principal components and multiple-regression analyses were used to describe the relationship between weather variables and acorn production. The first principal component explained the largest amount of the variation in black oak (R-2 = 0.55) and red oak (R-2 = 0.89). In white oak, two principal components combined to explain 77\% of the variation in acorn production. The weather variables that were associated with these principal components included spring temperature (positive effect) and summer drought (negative effect). Past acorn production had a major impact on the size of the current acorn crop, with each species showing a different pattern. In black oak, the current acorn crop was negatively correlated with the crop 3 yr prior but positively correlated with the crop 2 yr prior. In red oak, acorn crop size 1, 2, and 3 yr prior had negative correlations with current acorn crop, while acorn crop size 4 yr prior was positively correlated. In white oak, there were negative correlations between acorn crop size and crop size 1, 2, and 4 yr prior but a positive correlation with the acorn crop size 3 yr prior. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that mast-fruiting species must store resources during some years in order to produce a mast crop. We discuss the possibility that these three species may have inherent cycles of reproduction that are modified by the impact of weather conditions, black oak with 2-yr cycles, white oak with 3-yr cycles, and red oak with 4-yr cycles. We conclude that the patterns of acorn production for black oak, red oak, and white oak are not simply responses to weather events but are also a function of prior reproductive events. This suggests that masting is an evolved reproductive strategy.},
	keywords = {(Fagaceae-), [26070-] Fagaceae-, ACORN-CROP-SIZE, Angiospermae-, Climatology-: Environmental-Sciences, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, DROUGHT-, Ecology-: Environmental-Sciences, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, FLOWER-ABUNDANCE, Missouri-: USA-, Nearctic-region, North-America, Physiology-, Plantae-, Plants-, Quercus-alba (Fagaceae-), Quercus-rubra (Fagaceae-), Quercus-velutina, Reproduction-, REPRODUCTIVE-STRATEGY, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, TEMPERATURE-, USA-: North-America, Vascular-Plants, WEATHER-},
	author = {Sork, V.-L. and Bramble, J. and Sexton, O.}
}
