@article {59,
	title = {Evidence for local adaptation in closely adjacent subpopulations of northern Red Oak (Quercus rubra L.) expressed as resistance to leaf herbivores},
	journal = {American Naturalist},
	volume = {142},
	year = {1993},
	note = {199497120675ArticleEnglish},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {928-936},
	abstract = {Many studies of herbaceous plant populations have illustrated the potential of adjacent subpopulations to adapt to local ecological conditions. However, the extent to which local adaptation on a small geographical scale can occur in outcrossing tree populations is not well understood. In this study, we reciprocally transplanted acorns from adjacent subpopulations of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) occupying north-, southwest-, and west-facing slopes within a 4-ha plot in a Missouri oak-hickory forest. The quantitative character we measured was leaf damage by herbivores on first-year seedlings, because it reflects resistance to insect herbivores-a quantitative trait that could be under different selective pressures in dissimilar microhabitats. We found that seedlings showed the least damage when planted at the site of the maternal plant. This finding provides initial but strong evidence of local adaptation and illustrates that selection associated with leaf herbivory may have a strong impact on the genetic structure of local tree populations. Such a result is unexpected for a widely outcrossing species on such a small geographical scale but indicates that genetic structuring is possible within other plant populations occupying heterogeneous environments.},
	keywords = {[26070-] Fagaceae-, [33000-] Animalia-, Angiospermae-, Animalia-, Animalia- (Animalia-), Animalia-: Animals-, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, ECOLOGY-, Ecology-: Environmental-Sciences, Evolution-and-Adaptation, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, GENETIC-STRUCTURING, Genetics-, Missouri-: USA-, NATURAL-SELECTION, Nearctic-region, North-America, Nutrition-, Plantae-, Plants-, Population-Genetics: Population-Studies, Quercus-rubra (Fagaceae-), Reproduction-, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, USA-: North-America, Vascular-Plants},
	author = {Sork, V.-L. and Stowe, K.-A. and Hochwender, C.}
}
@article {39,
	title = {Fitness consequences of herbivory on Quercus alba},
	journal = {American Midland Naturalist},
	volume = {150},
	year = {2003},
	note = {200300367173ArticleEnglish},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {246-253},
	abstract = {Leaf herbivores potentially reduce plant fitness by increasing fruit abortion. The impact of leaf herbivory on fruit abortion, however, may vary with branch height in trees because of differential investment in reproduction among branches, differences among branches in exposure to solar radiation and the mobility of resource movement among branches following defoliation. Here we describe spatial patterns in abundance of lepidopteran herbivores and resultant damage in the canopy of mature white oak trees, Quercus alba. The effect of foliar damage on fruit abortion for upper and lower canopy branches was also examined. A significant positive correlation occurred between foliar damage and spring herbivore abundance. Damage measured at the end of the season was unevenly distributed throughout the canopy, varying from 10-20\% leaf area loss. A significant positive correlation between percent herbivore damage and percent fruit abortion also existed. Moreover, upper canopy branches had a higher percentage of fruit abortion for a given damage level than lower canopy branches, even though herbivore damage did not differ significantly with canopy height. These results suggest that early season leaf-chewing herbivores negatively affected fruit production, but the impact on fruit abortion depended upon the location of the damaged branch. Resources apparently did not move from lesser-damaged branches to more heavily damaged branches to reduce reproductive losses.},
	keywords = {-, -damage, -insect-interactions, -Plants, -Sciences, (Fagaceae-): common-, (Spermatophyta-): common-, [25000-], [26070-] Fagaceae-, [75300-] Insecta-, Angiospermae-, Animalia-, Arthropoda-, Arthropods-, Behavior-, branch-, branch-height, canopy-height, common-, defoliation-, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, Environmental, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, fitness-consequences, foliar, food-, fruit-: reproductive-system, fruit-abortion, herbivore-, herbivore-abundance, herbivory-, insect- (Insecta-): common-, Insecta-: Animals-, Insects-, Invertebrata-, Invertebrates-, leaf-, leaf-area-loss, oak-, plant, Plantae, Plantae-, Plants-, production-, Quercus-alba (Fagaceae-): species-, Reproduction-, resource-movement, solar-radiation, spatial-patterns, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophyta-: Plants-, Spermatophytes-, Terrestrial-Ecology: Ecology-, tree-, Vascular, Vascular-Plants, white-oak},
	author = {Hochwender, C.-G. and Sork, V.-L. and Marquis, R.-J.}
}
