@article {74,
	title = {Allozyme variation in cork oak (Quercus suber L.): the role of phylogeography and genetic introgression by other Mediterranean oak species and human activities},
	journal = {Theoretical and Applied Genetics},
	volume = {97},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {647-656},
	abstract = {Genetic variation in the cork oak (Quercus suber L.) was investigated using 11 loci from seven enzyme systems in 40 populations sampled over the entire distribution of this species in the western Mediterranean Basin. Mean heterozygosity values over the polymorphic loci (Ho=0.283), the percentage of polymorphic populations (M=0.76), and the total genetic diversity (Ht=0.31) from which 11\% was accounted for among-population variation, are among the highest recorded in oak species. In contrast to previous results in holm oak (Q. ilex L.), another evergreen species in the same area, cork oak possessed a smaller allele pool and a lower average number of alleles per locus and per population (A=2.0). More particularly, very few low-frequency alleles were observed in cork oak except for eight populations in which allozyme polymorphism at locus Pgi 1, diagnostic between both species, indicates that these low-frequency alleles are introgressed from holm oak. On the basis of the genetic distance estimated from allozyme frequencies, 32 of the 40 cork oak populations studied were classified into two very distinct sets which also corresponded to distinct geographic areas. One set gathered together the 18 populations from the Iberian peninsula and two adjacent areas in France, i.e. the centre of origin of cork oak, according to paleobotanical data. This set was characterized by a larger allele pool, a higher within-population genetic diversity and a lower differentiation between populations than was observed in the other set, which comprised the populations from North Africa, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, continental Italy and the region of Provence (southeastern France). In these more southern and eastern disjunct areas, cork oak migration from Iberia may have occurred at different periods since the end of the Tertiary. The possible effect of human activity on cork oak genetic structure, i.e. the selection of good-quality cork, acorn over-use for animal food, and even human nutrition, is discussed.},
	keywords = {Allozyme polymorphism, Human activity and population genetic structure, phylogeography, Quercus suber},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050941},
	author = {Toumi, L. and Lumaret, R.}
}
@article {49,
	title = {Phylogeographical variation of chloroplast DNA in holm oak (Quercus ilex L.)},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {2327-2336},
	abstract = {Variation in the lengths of restriction fragments (RFLPs) of the wholechloroplast DNA molecule was studied in 174 populations of Quercus ilex L. sampled over the entire distribution of this evergreen and mainly Mediterranean oak species. By using five endonucleases, 323 distinct fragments were obtained. From the 29 and 17 cpDNA changes identified as site and length mutations, respectively, 25 distinct chlorotypes were distinguished, mapped and treated cladistically with a parsimony analysis, using as an outgroup Q. alnifolia Poech, a closely related evergreen oak species endemic to Cyprus where Q. ilex does not grow. The predominant role of Q. ilex as maternal parent in hybridization with other species was reflected by the occurrence of a single very specific lineage of related chlorotypes, the most ancestral and recent ones being located in the southeastern and in the northwestern parts of the species{\textquoteright} geographical distribution, respectively. The lineage was constituted of two clusters of chlorotypes observed in the {\textquoteright}ilex{\textquoteright} morphotyped populations of the Balkan and Italian Peninsulas (including the contiguous French Riviera), respectively. A third cluster was divided into two subclusters identified in the {\textquoteright}rotundifolia{\textquoteright} morphotyped populations of North Africa, and of Iberia and the adjacent French regions, respectively. Postglacial colonization probably started from three distinct southerly refugia located in each of the three European peninsulas, and a contact area between the Italian and the Iberian migration routes was identified in the Rhone valley (France). Chlorotypes identical or related to those of the Iberian cluster were identified in the populations from Catalonia and the French Languedoc region, which showed intermediate morphotypes, and in the French Atlantic populations which possessed the {\textquoteright}ilex{\textquoteright} morphotype, suggesting the occurrence of adaptive morphological changes in the northern part of the species{\textquoteright} distribution.},
	author = {Lumaret, R. and Mir, C. and Michaud, H. and Raynal, V.}
}
