@article {113,
	title = {Genetic relationships between three species of oaks as determined by common garden studies with populations from Michigan, Indiana and Wisconsin},
	journal = {Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science},
	volume = {65},
	year = {1991},
	note = {199293076937METHODSsampled 4 populations of Q. velutina, 6 of Q. rubra (s.l.), and 2 of Q. ellipsoidalis (as Q. coccinea {\textendash} presumes by this point that Q. ellipsoidalis is not distinct from Q. coccinea). Collected 24 viable acorns from each parent tree. Note: "The populations from Indiana with parent trees from central and northern Indiana were considered as one population for statistical purposes." Morphological characters of seedlings analyzed using ANOVA, Duncan{\textquoteright}s multiple range and multiple F test; only reports morphological characters showing statistical differences. DISCUSSION Found significant differences between northern small-acorn varieties of black oak and Hill{\textquoteright}s Oak. Hill{\textquoteright}s oak populations are generally most similar to other Hill{\textquoteright}s oak populations, but there is a "close relationship between the small acorn Black oak population at Indian River and the [Hill{\textquoteright}s] oak population at Grayling. Field observations by the author of these populations and their morphological variability suggest probable introgression between the two species in this part of Michigan."},
	month = {1991},
	pages = {71-74},
	abstract = {Twelve populations of oaks of three species from Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin [USA] were tested under "common garden" in East Lansing, Michigan. The populations consisted of four Black oak (Quercus velutina), two of northern Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea) formerly known as Hill oak (Quercus ellipsoidalis), and six populations of Red oak including both Quercus rubra and Quercus rubra v. borealis. Local genetic variation was found within eleven of the twelve populations. One population represented a hybrid swarm between Quercus rubra v. borealis and Quercus velutina. When species populations were compared using a Summation of Differences index, it was found that Black oak populations showed evidence of a genetic cline from Indiana to its northern range limits in Michigan. The two northern Scarlet oak populations from Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin and Grayling, Michigan were genetically very similar. A close relationship was found between the Grayling, Michigan Scarlet oak and the small acorn northern form of Black oak from nearby Indian River, Michigan. This was considered to be an example of introgression between these two species as also suggested by field studies in this part of Michigan.},
	keywords = {-BOREALIS-POPULATION-GENETICS-GEOGRAPHIC-VARIATION-USA, -Genetics: Population-Studies, [26070-] Fagaceae-, Angiospermae-, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, Ecology-: Environmental-Sciences, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, Forestry-, Genetics-, Plantae-, Plants-, Population, QUERCUS-VELUTINA-QUERCUS-COCCINEA-QUERCUS-ELLIPSOIDALIS-QUERCUS-RUBRA-VAR, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, Vascular-Plants},
	author = {Overlease, W.R.}
}
@article {52,
	title = {Vegetative characters, population variation, and the hybrid origin of Quercus ellipsoidalis},
	journal = {American Midland Naturalist},
	volume = {111},
	year = {1984},
	note = {198478050210Intro Starts with the common supposition that veg. chars are not good for ID{\textquoteright}g spp, but notes that many have recognized lf shape as being useful for ID{\textquoteright}g oak spp even if it is suspect. Jensen, to deal with variability within ind{\textquoteright}ls, has in previous studies relied on (1) foliage exposed to full sunlight and (2) intraindividual averages. Few studies have examined intraindividual patterns of variation. Questions driving the study: Can variation in lf morphology distinguish (1) ind{\textquoteright}ls within a population, (2) taxa within a community, and (3) hybrids from pure individuals. ALSO, (4) is Q. ellipsoidalis a taxon of hybrid origin Methods MLDA (multiple linear discriminant analysis) on 9 lf variables. MLDA differentiates groups by comparing within and among group variances. If w/in tree variation < among-tree variation, then linear discriminant functions should be useful in recognizing trees. Findings 1. Lvs are correctly assigned to their respective trees > 75\% of the time for 18 of 19 populations (N = 7{\textendash}21 trees / pop{\textquoteright}n) 2. Hybridization lowers correct classification rate, b/c hybridization increases within-tree variance. 3. The poorest class{\textquoteright}n rate (45.8\% success) represents type specimens of Q. ellipsoidalis collected by E.J. Hill and Agnes Chase {\textendash} Jensen{\textquoteright}s population 19. My concern (10-26-2006) Looking at Jensen{\textquoteright}s lectotypification article (Jensen 1979), it appears that he analyzed 12 sheets representing 3 trees: 10 sheets of Hill 176, 1895 (collected in different years); 1 sheet of Hill 95, 1896; and 1 sheet of Hill 96, 1896. If so, is the poor classfication rate due to the fact that the within group and among group variances are nearly the same?},
	month = {1984},
	pages = {364-370},
	abstract = {Vegetative characters have been considered unreliable for distinguishing oak taxa. Results of a series of multiple linear discriminant analyses of collections containing 1 or more oak taxa are presented. Leaf characters not only can separate the various taxa, but in the absence of hybridization, each tree in each collection may be recognized as a distinct multivariate entity. Comparison of an analysis of the type materials of Q. ellipsoidalis with the results of other analyses supports the hypothesis that the type population of this species was a hybrid swarm.},
	keywords = {-Genetics: Population-Studies, [26070-] Fagaceae-, Angiospermae-, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, Ecology-: Environmental-Sciences, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, Genetics-, Morphology-, Plantae-, Plants-, Population, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, STATISTICS-LEAF/, Vascular-Plants},
	author = {Jensen, R.J. and Depiero, R. and Smith, B.K.}
}
