@article {151,
	title = {A landscape genetics approach reveals ecological-based differentiation in populations of holm oak (<i>Quercus ilex </i>L.) at the northern limit of its range},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean SocietyBiological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {n/a-n/a},
	abstract = {The holm oak plays a relevant role in the functioning of Mediterranean forests. In the area north of Garda Lake, Italian Prealps, holm oak populations are at the northernmost edge of their distribution. Being peripheral, these populations are of particular interest for ecological, evolutionary and conservation studies. Through an explicit individual-based landscape genetics approach, we addressed the following questions: (1) are levels of genetic variation reduced in these marginal populations compared with central populations?; (2) despite the narrow geographical scale, do individual-based analyses have some power to detect genetic differentiation?; (3) do environmental and/or climatic factors exert a role in shaping patterns of genetic variation and differentiation? Through a Bayesian method, we identified three clusters whose genetic variability can be considered to be of the same order as that recorded in central Quercus ilex populations. Although being geographically very close (< 20 km), the differentiation was statistically significant (P < 0.05) with global F st and ΦPt values of 0.019 and 0.038, respectively. Geography and phylogeography could not be invoked to explain this differentiation. A redundancy discriminant analysis revealed that relevant eco-pedological and climatic features, such as soil depth, aspect, elevation and humidity, were correlated with the observed pattern of differentiation. Toblino was ecologically separated from the other clusters, as it lies on deep soil with subhumid conditions. The differentiation of the Brione{\textendash}Ranzo{\textendash}Val Busa cluster appeared to be related to superficial soils and drier conditions, whereas the Nanzone{\textendash}Padaro cluster was differentiated mainly according to its mid-elevation. Coupling spatial and genetic information on a local scale proved to be effective to investigate the evolutionary and demographic history of peripheral populations.~{\textcopyright} 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, {\textbullet}{\textbullet}, {\textbullet}{\textbullet}{\textendash}{\textbullet}{\textbullet}.},
	keywords = {Bayesian computation, Geneland, Italian Prealps, microsatellites},
	isbn = {1095-8312},
	author = {Vernesi, Cristiano and Rocchini, Duccio and Pecchioli, Elena and Neteler, Markus and Vendramin, Giovanni G. and Paffetti, Donatella}
}
@article {136,
	title = {Two highly validated multiplexes (12-plex and 8-plex) for species delimitation and parentage analysis in oaks (<i>Quercus </i>spp.)},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology ResourcesMolecular Ecology Resources},
	volume = {11},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {578-585},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
	abstract = {Abstract Multiplex PCR is a fast and cost-effective technique allowing increased genotyping throughput of microsatellites. We developed two multiplexes for Quercus petraea and Q.~robur, a 12-plex of EST-SSRs (eSSRs) and an 8-plex of genomic SSRs (gSSRs). We studied the origin of allele calling errors at the human reader and software levels. We showed that the robustness of allele identification can be improved by binning on raw peak sizes prior to genetic data analysis. We checked through simulation the power of these markers for species delimitation and hybrid detection. The resolution achieved with all 20 markers was greatly improved compared to that of previous studies based on a subset of the markers. Preliminary PCR tests suggest that these multiplexes might be useful to study other oak species as well. The strategy used for multiplex microsatellite development (from PCR conditions to the definition of allele calling rules) should be broadly applicable.},
	keywords = {manual binning, microsatellites, molecular identification, Quercus spp.},
	isbn = {1755-0998},
	author = {Guichoux, E. and Lagache, L. and Wagner, S. and Leger, P. and Petit, R. J.}
}
@article {61,
	title = {Factors influencing male mating success in bur oak, Quercus macrocarpa},
	journal = {New Forests},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {161-180},
	abstract = {Pollen donors of acorns and saplings in a stand of bur oak were identified by paternity exclusion using microsatellite genotype analysis. Here we examine the influence of several factors likely to affect reproductive success of males with wind-dispersed pollen, including distance of pollen donor from maternal tree, genetic relatedness of pollen donor to maternal tree, direction of pollen donor relative to maternal tree, and size of pollen donor (crown volume and trunk diameter). Surprisingly, none of these factors were strongly correlated with fertilization success, although weak but significant correlations with crown volume and distance were found. The slight influence of distance is actually overestimated here, because our analysis necessarily excluded a large proportion of pollinations that were effected by trees outside the stand. The pollen donors outside the stand were not identified, but were more than 150 meters away. Pollination patterns in this stand of bur oak are quite complicated. Seed parents were fertilized by multiple pollen donors within the stand from all directions and as far as 200 m away. These results caution against the use of models of pollination that are based on simple distance or directional parameters because they will not adequately predict gene flow or male reproductive success. Our results further emphasize the importance of genetically identifying successful pollen donors rather than relying on patterns of physical movement of pollen.},
	keywords = {female choice, forest genetics, male reproductive success, microsatellites, pollination},
	author = {Dow, B.D. and Ashley, M.V.}
}
@article {146,
	title = {Gene flow and hybridisation in a mixed oak forest (Quercus pyrenaica Willd. and Quercus petraea (Matts.) Liebl.) in central Spain},
	journal = {Heredity},
	volume = {95},
	number = {6},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {457-465},
	abstract = {Oaks are long-standing models for the study of gene flow and hybridisation. Temperate (Quercus petraea) and sub-Mediterranean (Quercus pyrenaica) oaks coexist in central Spain, showing remarkable differences in population size and structure. Q. petraea has a scattered distribution in central Spain, where it is at one of the southernmost limits of its range, and forms low-density stands; in contrast, Q. pyrenaica is widespread in the region. We selected a mixed population of the two species (approx13 ha, 176 adults and 96 saplings) to compare the patterns of gene flow within each species and the extent of introgression between them. Using five nuclear microsatellite markers, we performed a parentage analysis and found considerable immigration from outside the stand (approx38\% for Q. petraea and approx34\% for Q. pyrenaica), and estimated average seed-dispersal distances of 42 and 14 m for Q. petraea and Q. pyrenaica, respectively. Introgression between species was also estimated using our microsatellite battery. First, we developed a multivariate discriminant approach and, second, we compared our results with a widely used clustering method (STRUCTURE). Both analyses were consistent with a low level of introgression between Q. petraea and Q. pyrenaica. Indeed, only 15 adult trees, approx8.5\%, were identified as putative hybrids when both methods of analysis were combined. Hybrids may be most common in contact zones due merely to physical proximity.},
	keywords = {gene flow, genetic differentiation, hybrid zones, introgression, microsatellites, Quercus},
	author = {Valbuena-Carabana, M. and Gonzalez-Martinez, S. C. and Sork, V.L. and Collada, C. and SOTO, A. and Goicoechea, P.G. and Gil, L.}
}
