@article {65,
	title = {Pollen movement in declining populations of California Valley oak, Quercus lobata: Where have all the fathers gone?},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2002},
	note = {200200321338ArticleEnglish},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {1657-1668},
	abstract = {The fragmented populations and reduced population densities that result from human disturbance are issues of growing importance in evolutionary and conservation biology. A key issue is whether remnant individuals become reproductively isolated. California Valley oak (Quercus lobata) is a widely distributed, endemic species in California, increasingly jeopardized by anthropogenic changes in biota and land use. We studied pollen movement in a savannah population of Valley oak at Sedgwick Reserve, Santa Barbara County, to estimate effective number of pollen donors (Nep) and average distance of effective pollen movement (delta). Using TWOGENER, our recently developed hybrid model of paternity and genetic structure treatments that analyses maternal and progeny multilocus genotypes, we found that current Nep = 3.68 individuals. Based on an average adult density of d = 1.19 stems/ha, we assumed a bivariate normal distribution to model current average pollen dispersal distance (delta) and estimated delta = 64.8 m. We then deployed our parameter estimates in spatially explicit models of the Sedgwick population to evaluate the extent to which Nep may have changed, as a consequence of progressive stand thinning between 1944 and 1999. Assuming that pollen dispersal distance has not changed, we estimate Nep was 4.57 individuals in 1944, when stand density was 1.48. Both estimates indicate fewer effective fathers than one might expect for wind-pollinated species and fewer than observed elsewhere. The results presented here provide a basis for further refinements on modelling pollen movement. If the trends continue, then ongoing demographic attrition could further reduce neighbourhood size in Valley oak resulting in increased risk of reproductive failure and genetic isolation.},
	keywords = {[26070-] Fagaceae-, adult-density, Angiospermae-, declining-populations, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, genetic-isolation, human-disturbance, Nearctic-region, North-America, Plantae-, Plants-, pollen-movement, Population-Genetics: Population-Studies, Quercus-lobata (Fagaceae-): California-Valley-oak, reproductive-failure, Santa-Barbara-County: California-, Sedgwick-Reserve, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, TWOGENER-model, USA-, Vascular-Plants},
	author = {Sork, V.-L. and Davis, F.-W. and Smouse, P.-E. and Apsit, V.-J. and Dyer, R.-J. and Fernandez-M, J.-F. and Kuhn, B.}
}
@article {110,
	title = {Two-generation analysis of pollen flow across a landscape V: A stepwise approach for extracting factors contributing to pollen structure},
	journal = {Heredity},
	volume = {92},
	year = {2004},
	note = {200400144680ArticleEnglish},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {204-211},
	abstract = {Patterns of pollen dispersal are central to both the ecology and evolution of plant populations. However, the mechanisms controlling either the dispersal process itself or our estimation of that process may be influenced by site -specific factors such as local forest structure and nonuniform adult genetic structure. Here, we present an extension of the AMOVA model applied to the recently developed TWOGENER analysis of pollen pool structure. This model, dubbed the Stepwise AMOVA (StAMOVA), focuses on determining to what extent ecological, demographic, and/or environmental factors influence the observed genetic variation in spatially separated pollen pools. The analysis is verified for efficacy, using an extensive battery of simulations, illustrating: (1) how nonuniform adult genetic structure influences the differentiation of spatially separated pollen pools, and (2) how effectively the Stepwise analysis performs in carrying out the appropriate corrections. Finally, the model is applied to a Quercus alba data set, from which we have prior evidence that the adult genetic structure is nonuniformly distributed across the sampling landscape. From this data set, we show how the Stepwise model can be applied to remove the effects of spatial adult genetic structure on pollen pool differentiation and contrast these results with those derived from the original TWOGENER analysis.},
	keywords = {[26070-] Fagaceae-, AMOVA-model: mathematical-and-computer-techniques, Angiospermae-, Dicots-, Dicotyledones-, Fagaceae-: Angiosperms-, gene-flow, Genetics-, Mathematical-Biology: Computational-Biology, Plantae-, Plants-, pollen-: reproductive-system, Quercus-alba (Fagaceae-): species-, Reproduction-, Spermatophyta-, Spermatophytes-, Vascular-Plants},
	author = {Dyer, R.-J. and Westfall, R.-D. and Sork, V.-L. and Smouse, P.-E.}
}
