02958nas a2200241   4500008004100000245016200041210006900203260003000272300001100302490000600313520216800319100001802487700002002505700002002525700001402545700001402559700001602573700002302589700002302612700001802635700001902653856004402672       2012                        eng d00aPhylogeography of <i>Quercus variabilis</i> Based on Chloroplast DNA Sequence in East Asia: Multiple Glacial Refugia and Mainland-Migrated Island Populations0 aPhylogeography of iQuercus variabilisi Based on Chloroplast DNA   bPublic Library of Science  ae472680 v73 a<p>The biogeographical relationships between far-separated populations, in particular, those in the mainland and islands, remain unclear for widespread species in eastern Asia where the current distribution of plants was greatly influenced by the Quaternary climate. Deciduous Oriental oak (<italic>Quercus variabilis</italic>) is one of the most widely distributed species in eastern Asia. In this study, leaf material of 528 <italic>Q. variabilis</italic> trees from 50 populations across the whole distribution (Mainland China, Korea Peninsular as well as Japan, Zhoushan and Taiwan Islands) was collected, and three cpDNA intergenic spacer fragments were sequenced using universal primers. A total of 26 haplotypes were detected, and it showed a weak phylogeographical structure in eastern Asia populations at species level, however, in the central-eastern region of Mainland China, the populations had more haplotypes than those in other regions, with a significant phylogeographical structure (<italic>N</italic><sub>ST = </sub>0.751&gt; <italic>G</italic><sub>ST = </sub>0.690, P&lt;0.05). <italic>Q. variabilis</italic> displayed high interpopulation and low intrapopulation genetic diversity across the distribution range. Both unimodal mismatch distribution and significant negative Fu’s <italic>F<sub>S</sub></italic> indicated a demographic expansion of <italic>Q. variabilis</italic> populations in East Asia. A fossil calibrated phylogenetic tree showed a rapid speciation during Pleistocene, with a population augment occurred in Middle Pleistocene. Both diversity patterns and ecological niche modelling indicated there could be multiple glacial refugia and possible bottleneck or founder effects occurred in the southern Japan. We dated major spatial expansion of <italic>Q. variabilis</italic> population in eastern Asia to the last glacial cycle(s), a period with sea-level fluctuations and land bridges in East China Sea as possible dispersal corridors. This study showed that geographical heterogeneity combined with climate and sea-level changes have shaped the genetic structure of this wide-ranging tree species in East Asia.</p>1 aChen, Dongmei1 aZhang, Xianxian1 aKang, Hongzhang1 aSun, Xiao1 aYin, Shan1 aDu, Hongmei1 aYamanaka, Norikazu1 aGapare, Washington1 aWu, Harry, X.1 aLiu, Chunjiang  uhttps://quercus.myspecies.info/node/144